{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T10:43:17Z","timestamp":1783507397215,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,1]],"date-time":"2002-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1025481600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Vaccine Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            We studied the value of the Widal tube agglutination test for the diagnosis of typhoid fever. The subjects were all adults &gt;18 years of age and were divided into four groups: (i) 317 healthy blood donor controls, (ii) 31 bacteriologically confirmed patients with\n            <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n            serotype Typhi, (iii) 21 patients with a clinical diagnosis of typhoid fever, and (iv) 41 febrile nontyphoid patients. Blood donor controls were screened with a slide agglutination test for the\n            <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n            serotype Typhi O and H antigens, and positives were then tested with the Widal test. Acute- and convalescent-phase sera from patients in groups 2, 3, and 4 were obtained 7 to 10 days apart and tested by the Widal test. Using a cutoff of \u22651\/200 for the O antigen test performed on acute-phase serum gave a sensitivity of 52% and a specificity of 88% with a positive predictive value (PPV) of 76% and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 71%. This increased to 90% sensitivity and specificity with a PPV of 88% and an NPV of 93% when the convalescent-phase serum was tested. We concluded that O and H agglutinin titers of \u22651\/200 are of diagnostic significance. The Widal test is easy, inexpensive, and relatively noninvasive. It can be of diagnostic value when blood cultures are not available or practical. The results must be interpreted cautiously because of the low sensitivity of the test. The Widal test done on convalescent-phase serum gave more-reliable results with higher specificity and sensitivity.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cdli.9.4.938-941.2002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,28]],"date-time":"2002-07-28T23:07:23Z","timestamp":1027897643000},"page":"938-941","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Widal Test in Diagnosis of Typhoid Fever in Turkey"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Ayse","family":"Willke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kocaeli Universitesi Tip Fakultesi Klinik Bakteriyoloji ve Infeksiyon Hastaliklari AD, Izmit"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Onder","family":"Ergonul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ankara Numune Egitim ve Arastirma Hastanesi, Infeksiyon Hastaliklari ve Klinik Mikrobiyoloji Klinigi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Banu","family":"Bayar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ankara Universitesi Tip Fakultesi, Klinik Bakteriyoloji ve Infeksiyon Hastaliklari AD, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"329","volume":"33","year":"1981","unstructured":"Abraham, G., B. 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Hyg."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","first-page":"231","volume":"1","year":"1987","unstructured":"Buke, M., G. Karakartal, C. Gunhan, D. Serter, K. Yuce, and F. Ozkan. 1987. Ege Universitesi Infeksiyon Hastaliklari Kliniginde son 10 yilda saptanan tifo ve paratifo olgulari. Infeksiyon Dergisi1:231-236.","journal-title":"Infeksiyon Dergisi"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","first-page":"1690","year":"1992","unstructured":"Butter, T. 1992. Typhoid fever, p. 1690-1692. In J. B. Wyngaarden, L. H. Smith, and J. C. Bennett (ed.), Cecil textbook of medicine, 19th ed. W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, Pa.","journal-title":"Cecil textbook of medicine"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","first-page":"288","volume":"95","year":"1992","unstructured":"Chew, S. K., M. S. P. Cruz, Y. S. Lim, and E. H. Monteiro. 1992. Diagnostic value of the Widal test for typhoid fever in Singapore. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.95:288-291.","journal-title":"J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","unstructured":"Dawson-Saunders B. and R. G. Trapp. 1994. Evaluating diagnostic procedures p. 234-248. In Basic and clinical biostatistics 2nd ed. Prentice-Hall International Inc. New York N.Y."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","unstructured":"Manual of clinical microbiology 1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","first-page":"198","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fletcher, R. H., and S. B. Halstead. 2001. Evaluation of diagnostic tests, p. 198-201. In J. C. Thomas and D. J. Weber (ed.), Epidemiologic methods for the study of infectious diseases. Oxford University Press, New York, N.Y.","journal-title":"Epidemiologic methods for the study of infectious diseases"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","first-page":"803","year":"1991","unstructured":"Hornick, R. B. 1991. Typhoid fever, p. 803-818. In A. S. Evans and P. S. Brachman (ed.), Bacterial infections of human epidemiology and control, 2nd ed. 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Gashau. 1992. Determination by Widal agglutination of the baseline titre for the diagnosis of typhoid fever in two Nigerian states. Scand. J. Immunol. Suppl.11:153-156.","journal-title":"Scand. J. Immunol. Suppl."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1136\/pmj.76.892.80","volume":"76","year":"2000","unstructured":"Olopoenia, L. A., and A. L. King. 2000. Widal agglutination test\u2014100 years later: still plague controversy. Postgrad. Med. J.76:80-84.","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med. J."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(00)88937-4","volume":"3","year":"1995","unstructured":"Pang, T., Z. A. Bhutta, B. B. Finlay, and M. Altwegg. 1995. Typhoid fever and other salmonellosis: a continuing challenge. 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