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Since the early 2000s, the incidence of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. difficile<\/jats:named-content>\n            disease has increased dramatically, and this is thought to be due to the emergence of new strain types. For many years, the mainstay of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. difficile<\/jats:named-content>\n            disease diagnosis was enzyme immunoassays for detection of the\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. difficile<\/jats:named-content>\n            toxin(s), although it is now generally accepted that these assays lack sensitivity. A number of molecular assays are commercially available for the detection of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. difficile<\/jats:named-content>\n            . This review covers the history and biology of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. difficile<\/jats:named-content>\n            and provides an in-depth discussion of the laboratory methods used for the diagnosis of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. difficile<\/jats:named-content>\n            infection (CDI). In addition, strain typing methods for\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. difficile<\/jats:named-content>\n            and the evolving epidemiology of colonization and infection with this organism are discussed. Finally, considerations for diagnosing\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. difficile<\/jats:named-content>\n            disease in special patient populations, such as children, oncology patients, transplant patients, and patients with inflammatory bowel disease, are described. As detection of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. difficile<\/jats:named-content>\n            in clinical specimens does not always equate with disease, the diagnosis of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. difficile<\/jats:named-content>\n            infection continues to be a challenge for both laboratories and clinicians.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00016-13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,3]],"date-time":"2013-07-03T20:22:18Z","timestamp":1372882938000},"page":"604-630","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":377,"title":["Diagnosis of Clostridium difficile Infection: an Ongoing Conundrum for Clinicians and for Clinical Laboratories"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Burnham D.","family":"Carey-Ann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pathology &amp; Immunology and Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen C.","family":"Carroll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pathology and Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.18.2.247-263.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis357"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1935.01970020105010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2009.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/60.2.223"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","first-page":"53","article-title":"Gastroenterostomy for cicatrizing ulcer of the pylorus","volume":"4","author":"Finney JMT","year":"1893","unstructured":"Finney JMT .1893. 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