{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T13:27:57Z","timestamp":1792157277669,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,1]],"date-time":"2008-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1222819200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Microbiol Rev"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Balantidium coli is a cosmopolitan parasitic-opportunistic pathogen that can be found throughout the world. Pigs are its reservoir hosts, and humans become infected through direct or indirect contact with pigs. In rural areas and in some developing countries where pig and human fecal matter contaminates the water supply, there is a greater likelihood that balantidiosis may develop in humans. The infection may be subclinical in humans, as it mostly is in pigs, or may develop as a fulminant infection with bloody and mucus-containing diarrhea; this can lead to perforation of the colon. The disease responds to treatment with tetracycline or metronidazole. Balantidiosis is a disease that need never exist given access to clean water and a public health infrastructure that monitors the water supply and tracks infections. Its spread can be limited by sanitary measures and personal hygiene, but it is a disease that will be around as long as there are pigs. Immunocompromised individuals have developed balantidiosis without any direct contact with pigs, perhaps with rats or contaminated produce as a possible source of infection. For the clinician, balanatidiosis should be included in the differential diagnosis for persistent diarrhea in travelers to or from Southeast Asia, the Western Pacific islands, rural South America, or communities where close contact with domestic swine occurs. Warming of the earth's surface may provide a more favorable environment, even in the now-temperate areas of the world, for survival of trophic and cystic stages of Balantidium, and its prevalence may increase. Effective sanitation and uncontaminated water are the most useful weapons against infection. Fortunately, balantidiosis responds to antimicrobial therapy, and there have been no reports of resistance to the drugs of choice.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00021-08","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,14]],"date-time":"2008-10-14T18:57:57Z","timestamp":1224010677000},"page":"626-638","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":287,"title":["Current World Status of\n            <i>Balantidium coli<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Frederick L.","family":"Schuster","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"California Department of Health, Viral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory, Richmond, California"},{"name":"San Francisco General Hospital, University of California Medical Center, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynn","family":"Ramirez-Avila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Department of Health, Viral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory, Richmond, California"},{"name":"San Francisco General Hospital, University of California Medical Center, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.78.3.314","volume":"78","year":"1988","unstructured":"Amin, O. M. 1988. Pathogenic micro-organisms and helminths in sewage products, Arabian Gulf, country of Bahrain. Am. J. Public Health78:314-315.","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.10336","volume":"73","year":"2003","unstructured":"Anargyrou, K., G. L. Petrikkos, M. T. E. Suller, A. Skiada, M. R. Siakantaris, R. T. Osuntoyinbo, G. Pangalis, and G. Vaiopoulos. 2003. Pulmonary Balantidium coli infection in a leukemic patient. Am. J. Hematol.73:180-183.","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","unstructured":"Parasitic protozoa. 1973"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1989.11812320","volume":"83","year":"1989","unstructured":"Barnish, G., and R. W. Ashford. 1989. Occasional parasitic infections of man in Papua New Guinea and Irian Jaya (New Guinea). Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol.83:121-135.","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02235994","volume":"15","year":"1970","unstructured":"Baskerville, L., Y. Ahmed, and S. Ramchand. 1970. Balantidium colitis. Report of a case. Am. J. Dig. Dis.15:727-731.","journal-title":"Am. J. Dig. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","first-page":"221","volume":"39","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cano Rosales, M., J. Medina Flores, and J. Narvaez Soto. 2000. Balantidiasis en ni\u00f1osreporte de un caso fatal. Diagnostico39:221-224.","journal-title":"Diagnostico"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200304110-00030","volume":"17","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cerme\u00f1o, J. R., I. Hern\u00e1ndez de Cuesta, O. Uzc\u00e1tegui, J. P\u00e1ez, M. Rivera, and N. Baliachi. 2003. Balantidium coli in a HIV-infected patient with chronic diarrhea. AIDS17:941-942.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2006.7.2.207","volume":"7","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cho, H.-S., S.-S. Shin, and N.-Y. Park. 2006. Balantidiasis in the gastric lymph nodes of Barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia): an incidental finding. J. Vet. Sci.7:207-209.","journal-title":"J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.15.3.329-341.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","first-page":"309","volume":"91","year":"1998","unstructured":"Clyti, E., C. Aznar, P. Coopie, M. el Gueedj, B. Carme, and R. Pradinaud. 1998. A case of coinfection by Balantidium coli and HIV in French Guiana. Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot.91:309-311.","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1961.11686051"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","first-page":"287","volume":"119","year":"2006","unstructured":"Damriyasa, I. M., and C. Bauer. 2006. Prevalence and age-dependent occurrence of intestinal protozoan infections in suckling pigs. Berl. M\u00fcnch. Tier\u00e4ztl. Wochenschr.119:287-290.","journal-title":"Berl. M\u00fcnch. Tier\u00e4ztl. Wochenschr."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.35.10.1487","volume":"35","year":"1985","unstructured":"Davis, L. E., G. S. Visvesvara, D. L. McLaren, R. Randell, C. C. Fenoglio, L. C. McLaren, M. Purdy, V. Cooper, and G. R. Healy. 1985. Respiratory epithelial cell masquerading as agents of primary amebic meningoencephalitis: distinguishing features. Neurology35:1487-1490.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1993.tb04926.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/163.6.1392","volume":"163","year":"1991","unstructured":"Dodd, L. G. 1991. Balantidium coli infestation as a cause of acute appendicitis. J. Infect. Dis.163:1392.","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(84)90036-1","volume":"78","year":"1984","unstructured":"Dorfman, S., O. Rangel, and L. G. Bravo. 1984. Balantidiasis: report of a fatal case with appendicular and pulmonary involvement. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg.78:833-834.","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(66)90306-3","volume":"60","year":"1966","unstructured":"Dzebenski, T. H. 1966. Immunofluorescent studies on Balantidium coli. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg.60:387-389.","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1998.59.922","volume":"59","year":"1998","unstructured":"Esteban, J.-G., C. Aguirre, R. Angles, L. R. Ash, and S. Mas-Coma. 1998. Balantidiasis in Aymara children from the northern Bolivian altiplano. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.59:922-927.","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-004-1126-4","volume":"23","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ferry, T., D. Bouhour, F. De Monbrison, F. Laurent, H. Domouchel-Champagne, S. Picot, M. A. Piens, and P. Granier. 2004. Severe peritonitis due to Balantidium coli acquired in France. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.23:393-395.","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","unstructured":"Diagnostic medical parasitology 2007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","first-page":"353","year":"2008","unstructured":"Garcia, L. S. 2008. Balantidium coli, p. 353-366. In N. A. Khan (ed.), Emerging protozoan pathogens. Taylor & Francis, New York, NY.","journal-title":"Emerging protozoan pathogens."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1975.24.781","volume":"24","year":"1975","unstructured":"Garcia-Lavarde, A., and L. de Bonilla. 1975. Clinical trials with metronidazole in human balantidiasis. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.24:781-783.","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007306630301","volume":"13","year":"1997","unstructured":"Giacometti, A., O. Cirioni, M. Balducci, D. Drenaggi, M. Quarta, M. De Federicis, P. Ruggeri, D. Colapinto, G. Ripani, and G. Scalize. 1997. Epidemiologic features of intestinal parasitic infections in Italian mental institutions. Eur. J. Epidemiol.13:825-830.","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","first-page":"311","volume":"2","year":"1994","unstructured":"Grain, J. 1994. Classe vestibuliferea de Puytorac et al., 1974, p. 311-379. In P. de Puytorac (ed.), Trait\u00e9 de Zoologie, vol. 2. Masson, Paris, France.","journal-title":"Trait\u00e9 de Zoologie"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","first-page":"209","volume":"9","year":"1993","unstructured":"Grim, J. N. 1993. Endonuclear symbionts within a symbiont: the surgeonfish intestinal symbiont, Balantidium jocularum (Ciliophora) is host to a gram-positive macronuclear inhabiting bacterium. Enterocytobiosis Cell Res.9:209-214.","journal-title":"Enterocytobiosis Cell Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/7171_2007_109","volume":"9","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hackstein, J. H. P., R. H. de Graaf, J. J. van Hellemond, and A. G. M. Tielens. 2008. Hydrogenosomes of anaerobic ciliates. Microbiol. Monogr.9:97-112.","journal-title":"Microbiol. Monogr."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.5858\/2000-124-1220-CICV","volume":"124","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hadziyannis, E., B. Yen-Lieberman, G. Hall, and G. W. Procop. 2000. Ciliocytophthoria in clinical virology. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med.124:1220-1223.","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-006-0018-8","volume":"3","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hampton, J., P. B. S. Spencer, A. D. Elliot, and R. C. A. Thompson. 2006. Prevalence of zoonotic pathogens from feral pigs in major public drinking water catchments in Western Australia. EcoHealth3:103-108.","journal-title":"EcoHealth"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.20373","volume":"69","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hinde, K. 2007. Milk composition varies in relation to the presence and abundance of Balantidium coli in the mother in captive rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Am. J. Primatol.69:625-634.","journal-title":"Am. J. Primatol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/BF03549657","volume":"41","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hindsbo, O., C. V. Nielsen, J. Andressen, A. L. Willingham, M. Bendixen, M. Nielsen, and N. O. Nielsen. 2000. Age-dependent occurrence of the intestinal ciliate Balantidium coli in pigs at a Danish research farm. Acta Vet. Scand.41:79-83.","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000005898","volume":"19","year":"1927","unstructured":"Jameson, A. P. 1927. The behaviour of Balantidium coli Malm. in cultures. Parasitology19:411-419.","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","first-page":"1","volume":"5","year":"2007","unstructured":"Karanis, P., C. Kourenti, and H. Smith. 2007. Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: a worldwide review of outbreaks and lessons learnt. J. Water Health5:1-38.","journal-title":"J. Water Health"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-39.1.73","volume":"39","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kilbourn, A. M., W. B. Karesh, N. D. Wolfe, E. J. Bosi, R. A. Cook, and M. Andau. 2003. Health evaluation of free-ranging and semi-captive orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus) in Sabah, Malaysia. J. Wildl. Dis.39:73-83.","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.2307\/3278508","volume":"60","year":"1974","unstructured":"Klaas, J., II. 1974. Two new gastric mucin cultivation media and a chemically defined maintenance medium for Balantidium coli. J. Parasitol.60:907-910.","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","first-page":"282","volume":"4","year":"1961","unstructured":"Krascheninnikow, S., and E. L. Jeska. 1961. Agar diffusion studies on the species specificity of Balantidium coli, B. caviae and B. wenrichi. Immunology4:282-288.","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1958.tb02551.x","volume":"5","year":"1958","unstructured":"Krascheninnikow, S., and D. H. Wenrich. 1958. Some observations on morphology and division of Balantidium coli and Balantidium caviae. J. Protozool.5:196-202.","journal-title":"J. Protozool."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","first-page":"17","volume":"112","year":"1970","unstructured":"Lerman, R. H., W. T. Hall, and O. Barret, Jr. 1970. Balantidium coli infection in a Vietnam returnee. Calif. Med.112:17-18.","journal-title":"Calif. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","first-page":"80","volume":"27","year":"1857","unstructured":"Leuckart, R. 1857. Ueber Paramecium (?) coliMalmst. Arch. Naturgesch.27:80.","journal-title":"Malmst. Arch. Naturgesch."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2007.06.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","unstructured":"Protozoan parasites of domestic animals and of man. 1961"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-007-0795-1","volume":"102","year":"2008","unstructured":"Li, M., J. Wang, Z. Gu, F. Ling, X. Ke, and X. Gong. 2008. First report of two Balantidium species from the Chinese giant salamander, Andrias davidianus: Balantidiuim sinensis Nie 1935 and Balantidium andianusis n. sp. Parasitol. Res.102:605-611.","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0600623103"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","first-page":"302","volume":"12","year":"1857","unstructured":"Malmsten, P. H. 1857. Infusorien als Intestinal-Thiere beim Menschen. Arch. Pathol. Anat. Physiol. Klin. Med.12:302-309.","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Anat. Physiol. Klin. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(86)90077-4","volume":"19","year":"1986","unstructured":"Marti, O. G., Jr., and O. M. Hale. 1986. Parasite transmission in confined hogs. Vet. Parasitol.19:301-314.","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","unstructured":"Drugs for parasitic infections. 2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","first-page":"2421","volume":"45","year":"1984","unstructured":"Morris, R. G., H. E. Jordan, W. G. Luce, T. C. Coburn, and C. V. Maxwell. 1984. Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasitism in Oklahoma swine. Am. J. Vet. Res.45:2421-2423.","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","first-page":"361","volume":"15","year":"1968","unstructured":"Myers, B. J., and R. E. Kuntz. 1968. Intestinal protozoa of the baboon Papio doguera Pucheran, 1856. J. Protozool.15:361-365.","journal-title":"J. Protozool."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.61.63","volume":"61","year":"1999","unstructured":"Nakauchi, K. 1999. The prevalence of Balantidium coli infection in fifty-six mammalian species. J. Vet. Med. Sci.61:63-65.","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.5.3053-3055.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-199309000-00015","volume":"5","year":"1993","unstructured":"Oberhuber, G., G. Karpitschka, and M. Stolte. 1993. Balantidium coli: a rare cause of colonic ulcer. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.5:755-757.","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000171522.79099.c5","volume":"24","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ochoa, T. J., and C. White. 2005. Nitazoxide for treatment of intestinal parasites in children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis.24:641-642.","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1079\/JOH2004266","volume":"79","year":"2005","unstructured":"Owen, L. L. 2005. Parasitic zoonoses in Papua New Guinea. J. Helminthol.79:1-14.","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86821991000300009","volume":"24","year":"1991","unstructured":"Pinheiro, M. C., and M. A. Lima. 1991. Caso fatal de balantiase intestinal. Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.24:173-176.","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","unstructured":"Material safety data sheet. 1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","first-page":"89","volume":"61","year":"1927","unstructured":"Rees, C. W. 1927. Balantidia from pigs and guinea pigs: their viability, cyst production and cultivation. Science61:89-91.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.7.4079-4086.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","first-page":"163","volume":"14","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sharma, S., and G. Harding. 2003. Necrotizing lung infection caused by the protozoan Balantidium coli. Can. J. Infect. Dis.14:163-166.","journal-title":"Can. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","first-page":"230","volume":"42","year":"1997","unstructured":"Skotarczak, B. 1997. Bacterial-flora in acute and symptom-free balantidiosis. Acta Parasitol.42:230-233.","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","first-page":"117","volume":"45","year":"1997","unstructured":"Skotarczak, B. 1997. Ultrastructural and cytochemical identification of peroxisomes in Balantidium coli, Ciliophora. Folia Biol.45:117-120.","journal-title":"Folia Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","first-page":"282","volume":"64","year":"2005","unstructured":"Skotarczak, B., and L. Kolodziejczyk. 2005. An electron microscopic study of the phosphatases in the ciliate Balantidium coli. Folia Morphol.64:282-286.","journal-title":"Folia Morphol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","first-page":"121","volume":"45","year":"1997","unstructured":"Skotarczak, B., and R. Zielinski. 1997. A comparison of nucleic acid content in Balantidium coli trophozoites from different isolates. Folia Biol. (Krakow)45:121-124.","journal-title":"Folia Biol. (Krakow)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-40.4.801","volume":"40","year":"2004","unstructured":"Solaymani-Mohammadi, S., M. Rezaian, H. Hooshyar, G. R. Molavi, Z. Babaei, and M. A. Anwar. 2004. Intestinal protozoa in wild boars (Sus scrofa) in western Iran. J. Wildl. Dis.40:801-803.","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","first-page":"165","volume":"37","year":"1863","unstructured":"Stein, F. 1863. Ueber Paramecium (?) coliMalmsten. Amtl. Berl. Dtsch. Chem. Ges.37:165.","journal-title":"Malmsten. Amtl. Berl. Dtsch. Chem. Ges."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.protis.2006.03.003","volume":"157","year":"2006","unstructured":"Str\u00fcder-Kypke, M. C., A.-D. G. Wright, W. Foissner, A. Chatzinotas, and D. Lynn. 2006. Molecular phylogeny of litostome ciliates (Ciliophora, Litostomatea) with emphasis on free-living haptorian genera. Protist157:261-278.","journal-title":"Protist"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejop.2007.06.005","volume":"43","year":"2007","unstructured":"Str\u00fcder-Kypke, M. C., O. A. Kornilova, and D. Lynn. 2007. Phylogeny of trichostome ciliates (Ciliophora, Litostomatea) endosymbiotic in the Yakut horse (Equus caballus). Eur. J. Protistol.43:319-328.","journal-title":"Eur. J. Protistol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","first-page":"129","volume":"42","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tatfeng, Y. M., M. U. Usuanlele, A. Orukpe, A. K. Digban, M. Okodua, F. Oviasogie, and A. A. Turay. 2005. Mechanical transmission of pathogenic organisms: the role of cockroaches. J. Vector Borne Dis.42:129-134.","journal-title":"J. Vector Borne Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(57)90005-X","volume":"6","year":"1957","unstructured":"Templis, C. H., and M. G. Lysenko. 1957. The production of hyaluronidase by Balantidium coli. Exp. Parasitol.6:31-36.","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-8-170"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1080\/0036554021000027023","volume":"35","year":"2003","unstructured":"Vasilakopolou, A., K. Dimarongona, A. Samakovli, K. Papadimitris, and A. Avlami. 2003. Balantidium coli pneumonia in an immunocompromised patient. Scand. J. Infect. Dis.35:144-146.","journal-title":"Scand. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","first-page":"119","volume":"60","year":"1999","unstructured":"Vasquez, W., and J. Vidal. 1999. Colitis balantidiasica: a proposito de un caso fatal en el departamento de Huancavelica. An. Fac. Med.60:119-123.","journal-title":"An. Fac. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1973.22.33","volume":"22","year":"1973","unstructured":"Walzer, P. D., F. N. Judson, K. B. Murphy, G. R. Healy, D. K. English, and M. G. Schultz. 1973. Balantidiasis outbreak in Truk. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.22:33-41.","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1999.tb04627.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_2","first-page":"69","volume":"98","year":"1995","unstructured":"Yang, Y., L. Zeng, and J. Zhou. 1995. Diarrhoea in piglets and monkeys experimentally infected with Balantidium coli isolated from human feces. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.98:69-72.","journal-title":"J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v10.i3.458","volume":"10","year":"2004","unstructured":"Yazar, S., F. Altuntas, I. Sahin, and M. Atambay. 2004. Dysentery caused by Balantidium coli in a patient with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma from Turkey. World J. Gastroenterol.10:458-459.","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_2","first-page":"71","volume":"30","year":"1950","unstructured":"Young, M. 1950. Attempts to transmit human Balantidium coli. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.30:71-72.","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.2307\/3272889","volume":"27","year":"1941","unstructured":"Young, M. D., and C. Ham. 1941. The incidence of intestinal parasites in a selected group at a mental hospital. J. Parasitol.27:71-74.","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(64)90038-0","volume":"58","year":"1964","unstructured":"Zaman, V. 1964. Studies on the immobilization reaction in the genus Balantidium. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg.58:255-259.","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02232564","volume":"26","year":"1970","unstructured":"Zaman, V. 1970. Activity of contractile vacuole in the parasitic ciliate, Balantidium coli. Experientia26:806-807.","journal-title":"Experientia"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_2","first-page":"633","volume":"2","year":"1978","unstructured":"Zaman, V. 1978. Balantidium coli, p. 633-653. In J. P. Kreier (ed.), Parasitic protozoa, vol. 2. Academic Press, New York, NY.","journal-title":"Parasitic protozoa"}],"container-title":["Clinical Microbiology Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/CMR.00021-08","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/CMR.00021-08","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T11:29:11Z","timestamp":1645615751000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/CMR.00021-08"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,10]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/CMR.00021-08"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/cmr.00021-08","relation":{},"ISSN":["0893-8512","1098-6618"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0893-8512","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-6618","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2008-10-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}