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Two tests are available for identification of LTBI: the tuberculin skin test (TST) and the gamma interferon (IFN-\u03b3) release assay (IGRA). Evidence suggests that both TST and IGRA are acceptable but imperfect tests. They represent indirect markers of\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:named-content>\n                    exposure and indicate a cellular immune response to\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">M. tuberculosis<\/jats:named-content>\n                    . Neither test can accurately differentiate between LTBI and active TB, distinguish reactivation from reinfection, or resolve the various stages within the spectrum of\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">M. tuberculosis<\/jats:named-content>\n                    infection. Both TST and IGRA have reduced sensitivity in immunocompromised patients and have low predictive value for progression to active TB. To maximize the positive predictive value of existing tests, LTBI screening should be reserved for those who are at sufficiently high risk of progressing to disease. Such high-risk individuals may be identifiable by using multivariable risk prediction models that incorporate test results with risk factors and using serial testing to resolve underlying phenotypes. In the longer term, basic research is necessary to identify highly predictive biomarkers.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00034-13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,6]],"date-time":"2014-01-06T10:40:45Z","timestamp":1389004845000},"page":"3-20","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":775,"title":["Gamma Interferon Release Assays for Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Madhukar","family":"Pai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"McGill International TB Centre and Department of Epidemiology &amp; Biostatistics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia M.","family":"Denkinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McGill International TB Centre and Department of Epidemiology &amp; Biostatistics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra V.","family":"Kik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McGill International TB Centre and Department of Epidemiology &amp; Biostatistics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Molebogeng X.","family":"Rangaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine and Centre for Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Zwerling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"Oxlade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John Z.","family":"Metcalfe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adithya","family":"Cattamanchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David W.","family":"Dowdy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keertan","family":"Dheda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and UCT Lung Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niaz","family":"Banaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","volume-title":"Global tuberculosis control: WHO report 2013","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2013","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 2013. 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