{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T23:38:23Z","timestamp":1783640303335,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":201,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,1]],"date-time":"2011-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1309478400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Microbiol Rev"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Gonorrhea, which may become untreatable due to multiple resistance to available antibiotics, remains a public health problem worldwide. Precise methods for typing\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:named-content>\n            , together with epidemiological information, are crucial for an enhanced understanding regarding issues involving epidemiology, test of cure and contact tracing, identifying core groups and risk behaviors, and recommending effective antimicrobial treatment, control, and preventive measures. This review evaluates methods for typing\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:named-content>\n            isolates and recommends various methods for different situations. Phenotypic typing methods, as well as some now-outdated DNA-based methods, have limited usefulness in differentiating between strains of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">N. gonorrhoeae.<\/jats:named-content>\n            Genotypic methods based on DNA sequencing are preferred, and the selection of the appropriate genotypic method should be guided by its performance characteristics and whether short-term epidemiology (microepidemiology) or long-term and\/or global epidemiology (macroepidemiology) matters are being investigated. Currently, for microepidemiological questions, the best methods for fast, objective, portable, highly discriminatory, reproducible, typeable, and high-throughput characterization are\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:named-content>\n            multiantigen sequence typing (NG-MAST) or full- or extended-length\n            <jats:italic>porB<\/jats:italic>\n            gene sequencing. However, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and Opa typing can be valuable in specific situations, i.e., extreme microepidemiology, despite their limitations. For macroepidemiological studies and phylogenetic studies, DNA sequencing of chromosomal housekeeping genes, such as multilocus sequence typing (MLST), provides a more nuanced understanding.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00040-10","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,6]],"date-time":"2011-07-06T22:24:39Z","timestamp":1309991079000},"page":"447-458","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":132,"title":["Review and International Recommendation of Methods for Typing Neisseria gonorrhoeae Isolates and Their Implications for Improved Knowledge of Gonococcal Epidemiology, Treatment, and Biology"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Magnus","family":"Unemo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Laboratory for Pathogenic Neisseria, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microbiology, \u00d6rebro University Hospital, \u00d6rebro, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo-Anne R.","family":"Dillon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/ijsa.2008.008356"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.24.14043"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"U2491","article-title":"Risk factors and characteristics of patients with gonorrhoea presenting to Auckland Sexual Health Service, New Zealand","volume":"120","author":"Azariah S.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Azariah S. 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