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Consistently, microbial translocation is not present in nonpathogenic SIV infections of natural host species.\n            <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            studies demonstrated that HIV\/SIV-associated microbial translocation results from a series of immunopathological events occurring at the GI mucosa: (i) early and severe mucosal CD4\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            depletion, (ii) mucosal immune hyperactivation\/persistent inflammation; (iii) damage to the integrity of the intestinal epithelium with enterocyte apoptosis and tight junction disruption; and (iv) subverted the gut microbiome, with a predominance of opportunistic bacteria. Direct\n            <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic>\n            evidence of microbial translocation has been provided for SIV-infected rhesus macaques showing translocated microbial products in the intestinal lamina propria and distant sites. While the mechanisms by which microbial translocation causes immune activation remain controversial, a key pathogenic event appears to be innate immunity activation via Toll-like receptors and other pathogen recognition receptors. Accumulating clinical observations suggest that microbial translocation might affect HIV disease progression, response to therapy, and non-AIDS comorbidities. Given its detrimental effect on overall immunity, several interventions to prevent\/block microbial translocation are currently under investigation as novel therapeutic agents for HIV\/AIDS.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00050-12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,8]],"date-time":"2013-01-08T17:34:20Z","timestamp":1357666460000},"page":"2-18","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":445,"title":["Microbial Translocation in the Pathogenesis of HIV Infection and AIDS"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Giulia","family":"Marchetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camilla","family":"Tincati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guido","family":"Silvestri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"172","article-title":"Disrupting T-cell homeostasis: how HIV-1 infection causes disease","volume":"5","author":"Douek DC","year":"2003","unstructured":"Douek DC . 2003. 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