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The apparent mutualistic dependency has also offered a novel approach to the treatment of onchocerciasis through the use of antibiotics to eliminate<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Wolbachia<\/jats:named-content>, delivering for the first time a treatment which has significant macrofilaricidal efficacy. Studies with other filarial nematode species have also highlighted a role for<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Wolbachia<\/jats:named-content>in transmission and infection of the mammalian host through a fascinating manipulation of mast cell-mediated vasodilation to enhance infectivity of vector-borne larvae.<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Wolbachia<\/jats:named-content>has also been identified as the principal driver of innate and adaptive Th1 inflammatory immunity, which can either contribute to disease pathogenesis or, with the<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Wolbachia<\/jats:named-content>-mediated recruitment of mast cells, enhance infectivity. The<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Wolbachia<\/jats:named-content>activation of innate inflammation also drives inflammatory adverse events in response to chemotherapy with either diethylcarbamazine (DEC) or ivermectin. 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