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CCP was successfully deployed in both resource-poor and resource-rich countries, establishing that convalescent plasma (CP) is a feasible option for combating the next pandemic. CCP reduced mortality and progression to hospitalization when used early in the disease with high-titer units. This knowledge was gained from a worldwide effort that included more than 50 countries. However, the deployment of CCP was haphazard and varied among countries. Clinical studies suffered from a lack of standardization regarding study design, CCP antibody dosing, timing of administration, and participant disease severity. Unfortunately, the hard-won knowledge from the serum therapy era in the early 20th century, which indicated that effective antibody therapy requires early use in the disease with a sufficient antibody dose, was largely forgotten. Many studies tested CCP late in the disease or without sufficient antibody titer and thus reported negative findings. Trial heterogeneity made it difficult to combine the results of studies. However, despite tremendous heterogeneity in study design and participant populations, meta-analysis revealed strong signals of efficacy when given early with high antiviral-specific antibody levels. When the next pandemic occurs, humanity is likely to resort to CP again. To avoid another chaotic rollout, planning for CP use should begin well before that emergency arrives and must involve both physician education on the principles of antibody therapy and clinical trial designs that test its efficacy in optimal conditions, which include early use with sufficient antibody doses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00060-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T14:00:27Z","timestamp":1764079227000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Convalescent plasma for COVID-19: planning for the next pandemic using the worldwide experience"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9402-9167","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Arturo","family":"Casadevall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health","place":["Baltimore, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2468-3497","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ellie R.","family":"Mattoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health","place":["Baltimore, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0319-0578","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health","place":["Baltimore, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Joyner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02qp3tb03","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Mayo Clinic","place":["Rochester, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Franchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Carlo Poma Hospital","place":["Mantua, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8811-195X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniele","family":"Focosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03ad39j10","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"North-Western Tuscany Blood Bank, Pisa University Hospital","place":["Pisa, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-145-8-200610170-00139"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(79)92335-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00765-21"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v13081594"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.4783"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2020.261784"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vox.13480"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2020.06.028"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/82_2024_269"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI138745"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Casadevall Arturo Dragotakes Q Johnson PW Senefeld JW Klassen SA Wright RS Joyner MJ Paneth N Carter RE. 2021. 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