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Epidemiological studies indicate a striking rarity of disease (but not infection) in females, but only during the reproductive years. This suggested a hormonal interaction between female hormones and the etiologic dimorphic fungus\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Paracoccidioides brasiliensis<\/jats:named-content>\n            . Many fungi have been shown to use hormonal (pheromonal) fungal molecules for intercellular communication, and there are increasing numbers of examples of interactions between mammalian hormones and fungi, including the specific binding of mammalian hormones by fungal proteins, and suggestions of mammalian hormonal modulation of fungal behavior. This suggests an evolutionary conservation of hormonal receptor systems. We recount studies showing the specific hormonal binding of mammalian estrogen to proteins in\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. brasiliensis<\/jats:named-content>\n            and an action of estrogen to specifically block the transition from the saprophytic form to the invasive form of the fungus\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            . This block has been demonstrated to occur\n            <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            in animal studies. These unique observations are consistent with an estrogen-fungus receptor-mediated effect on pathogenesis. The fungal genes responsive to estrogen action are under study.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00062-10","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,11]],"date-time":"2011-04-11T17:34:09Z","timestamp":1302543249000},"page":"296-313","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":95,"title":["Hormones and the Resistance of Women to Paracoccidioidomycosis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Jata","family":"Shankar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, California"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, California"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Restrepo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Corporacion para Investigaciones Biologicas, Medellin, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl V.","family":"Clemons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, California"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, California"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Stevens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, California"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, California"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"245","article-title":"Association between smoking and paracoccidioidomycosis: a case-control study in the State of Esp\u00edrito Santo, Brazil","volume":"19","author":"Aguiar W. 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