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This disease may exhibit a broad range of presentations, ranging from asymptomatic to fatal conditions, with the latter being due to disseminated endothelial infection and organ injury. Unique characteristics of the biology and host-pathogen interactions of<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">O. tsutsugamushi<\/jats:named-content>, including the high antigenic diversity among strains and the highly variable, short-lived memory responses developed by the host, underlie difficulties faced in the pursuit of an effective vaccine, which is an imperative need. Other factors that have hindered scientific progress relative to the infectious mechanisms of and the immune response triggered by this bacterium in vertebrate hosts include the limited number of mechanistic studies performed on animal models and the lack of genetic tools currently available for this pathogen. However, recent advances in animal model development are promising to improve our understanding of host-pathogen interactions. Here, we comprehensively discuss the recent advances in and future perspectives on host-pathogen interactions and the modulation of immune responses related to this reemerging disease, highlighting the role of animal models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00076-17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,30]],"date-time":"2018-01-30T12:30:28Z","timestamp":1517315428000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["An Update on Host-Pathogen Interplay and Modulation of Immune Responses during Orientia tsutsugamushi Infection"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Fabi\u00e1n E.","family":"D\u00edaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Gen\u00e9tica Molecular y Microbiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katia","family":"Abarca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento en Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunolog\u00eda Pedi\u00e1tricas, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexis M.","family":"Kalergis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Gen\u00e9tica Molecular y Microbiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago, Chile"},{"name":"Departamento de Endocrinolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(00)01352-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1608499"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/td.2010.090452"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01784-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01964418"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1603657"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2308.170050"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.55.9.2290-2292.1987"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0611553104"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2007.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.13709"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/dnares\/dsq018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","first-page":"240","article-title":"Serious complications in scrub typhus","volume":"31","author":"Tsay RW","year":"1998","unstructured":"Tsay RW, Chang FY. 1998. 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