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In the last decade, fungal\n                    infections have garnered increased attention from public health officials and\n                    the media owing to the rapid and global rise of severe and antifungal-resistant\n                    infections. It is well-established that certain chronic diseases can increase\n                    the risk of invasive fungal infections. However, the inverse\n                    relationship\u2014how fungal infections contribute to the development or\n                    exacerbation of chronic diseases\u2014is less well studied. In this review, we\n                    summarize the current literature on the role of fungal infections in the\n                    development of chronic diseases, discussing pathophysiologic mechanisms and\n                    examining how chronic conditions can arise from the direct effects and sequelae\n                    of fungal infections. In addition, we discuss how the toxic effects of\n                    antifungal therapies can also contribute to the development of chronic disease\n                    states. Overall, our review highlights the significant yet underexplored role of\n                    fungal infections in the burden of chronic disease and emphasizes the need for\n                    further research, improved surveillance, increased public and healthcare\n                    awareness, and better access to diagnostics and treatments to address this\n                    issue.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00085-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T14:00:10Z","timestamp":1772719210000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Contribution of fungal diseases to the U.S. chronic disease                    burden"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9775-4826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ria R.","family":"Ghai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00qzjvm58","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Atlanta, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaitlin","family":"Benedict","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00qzjvm58","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Atlanta, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom M.","family":"Chiller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00qzjvm58","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Atlanta, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy A.","family":"Chow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00qzjvm58","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Atlanta, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian P.","family":"Hennessee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00qzjvm58","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Atlanta, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00qzjvm58","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Atlanta, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4383-5994","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shawn R.","family":"Lockhart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00qzjvm58","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Atlanta, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meghan","family":"Lyman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00qzjvm58","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Atlanta, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5707-528X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dallas J.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00qzjvm58","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Atlanta, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitsuru","family":"Toda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00qzjvm58","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Atlanta, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5054-7616","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jeremy A. 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