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The extent of antibiotic resistance in GNB in countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), namely, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Qatar, Oman, and Bahrain, has not been previously reviewed. These countries share a high prevalence of extended-spectrum-\u03b2-lactamase (ESBL)- and carbapenemase-producing GNB, most of which are associated with nosocomial infections. Well-known and widespread \u03b2-lactamases genes (such as those for CTX-M-15, OXA-48, and NDM-1) have found their way into isolates from the GCC states. However, less common and unique enzymes have also been identified. These include PER-7, GES-11, and PME-1. Several potential risk factors unique to the GCC states may have contributed to the emergence and spread of \u03b2-lactamases, including the unnecessary use of antibiotics and the large population of migrant workers, particularly from the Indian subcontinent. It is clear that active surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in the GCC states is urgently needed to address regional interventions that can contain the antimicrobial resistance issue.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00096-12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,3]],"date-time":"2013-07-03T20:22:18Z","timestamp":1372882938000},"page":"361-380","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":163,"title":["\u03b2-Lactamase Production in Key Gram-Negative Pathogen Isolates from the Arabian Peninsula"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Hosam M.","family":"Zowawi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Queensland, Australia"},{"name":"King Abdulaziz Medical City, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanan H.","family":"Balkhy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Abdulaziz Medical City, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy R.","family":"Walsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Queensland, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David L.","family":"Paterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.28.2.302"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2006.05.238"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00774-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.29.2.277-282.1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00622-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","first-page":"75","article-title":"Comparative in vitro activity of amoxycillin\/clavulanate (augmentin), ceftazidime and ceftriaxone against hospital strains of gram-negative and -positive bacteria","volume":"7","author":"Abd-Elalim Eltahawy AT","year":"1988","unstructured":"Abd-Elalim Eltahawy AT Khalaf RM . 1988. 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