{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T08:30:05Z","timestamp":1793694605831,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":405,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]],"date-time":"2024-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/ASMCopyrightv2"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]],"date-time":"2024-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710374400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011094","name":"Public Health Agency of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011094","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Gouvernement du Canada | Canadian Institutes of Health Research"},{"name":"FRQ | Fonds de Recherche du Qu\u00e9bec - Sant\u00e9"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Microbiol Rev"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by the helminth\n                    <jats:italic>Schistosoma<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. and has the second highest global impact of all parasites.\n                    <jats:italic>Schistosoma<\/jats:italic>\n                    are transmitted through contact with contaminated fresh water predominantly in Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and South America. Due to the widespread prevalence of\n                    <jats:italic>Schistosoma<\/jats:italic>\n                    , co-infection with other infectious agents is common but often poorly described. Herein, we review recent literature describing the impact of\n                    <jats:italic>Schistosoma<\/jats:italic>\n                    co-infection between species and\n                    <jats:italic>Schistosoma<\/jats:italic>\n                    co-infection with blood-borne protozoa, soil-transmitted helminths, various intestinal protozoa,\n                    <jats:italic>Mycobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    , various urinary tract infection-causing agents, and viral pathogens. In each case, disease severity and, of particular interest, the immune landscape, are altered as a consequence of co-infection. Understanding the impact of schistosomiasis co-infections will be important when considering treatment strategies and vaccine development moving forward.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00098-23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]],"date-time":"2024-02-06T09:01:23Z","timestamp":1707210083000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Beyond schistosomiasis: unraveling co-infections and altered immunity"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0874-7251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dilhan J.","family":"Perera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1865-8076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cal","family":"Koger-Pease","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9379-9509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kayla","family":"Paulini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1734-7564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Daoudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9012-4212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Momar","family":"Ndao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada"},{"name":"National Reference Centre for Parasitology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia). Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/schistosomiasis#tab=tab_1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","unstructured":"CDC - schistosomiasis. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/parasites\/schistosomiasis\/index.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61949-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri843"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-801078-5.00015-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2022.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-391429-3.00005-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed6030109"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0001-706x(03)00029-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867325666180926145537"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05178-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003504"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(78)90040-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1978.27.76"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.711650"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.605288"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104036"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-020-0621-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69440-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.1999.00444.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-2276.2003.01139.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m4324"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(96)90501-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","first-page":"249","article-title":"Urinary schistosomiasis in the sahelian region of the Senegal river basin","volume":"35","author":"Chaine JP","year":"1983","unstructured":"Chaine JP, Malek EA. 1983. Urinary schistosomiasis in the sahelian region of the Senegal river basin. Trop Geogr Med 35:249\u2013256.","journal-title":"Trop Geogr Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","first-page":"173","article-title":"Outbreak of intestinal schistosomiasis in the Senegal River Basin","volume":"70","author":"Talla I","year":"1990","unstructured":"Talla I, Kongs A, Verl\u00e9 P, Belot J, Sarr S, Coll AM. 1990. Outbreak of intestinal schistosomiasis in the Senegal River Basin. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 70:173\u2013180.","journal-title":"Ann Soc Belg Med Trop"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(92)90562-q"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)00175-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2701.204391"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-022-07574-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(20)30129-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.09.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2008.05.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.50"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.10.088"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/ojepi.2023.131008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2023.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2200504"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1961202"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02510"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/324668"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(07)70053-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9343(00)00619-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2004.00187.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.159.2.777"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02492"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9734\/IJTDH\/2013\/1010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/095646249400500517"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2020.105524"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","first-page":"169","article-title":"The effects of genital Schistosoma haematobium on human papillomavirus and the development of cervical neoplasia after five years in a Zimbabwean population","volume":"31","author":"Kjetland EF","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kjetland EF, Ndhlovu PD, Mduluza T, Deschoolmeester V, Midzi N, Gomo E, Gwanzura L, Mason PR, Vermorken JB, Friis H, Gundersen SG, Baay MFD. 2010. The effects of genital Schistosoma haematobium on human papillomavirus and the development of cervical neoplasia after five years in a Zimbabwean population. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 31:169\u2013173.","journal-title":"Eur J Gynaecol Oncol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011258"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2012.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2012.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003080"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002608"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001829"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0035-9203(00)90221-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2012.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2019.105116"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2013.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-10-227"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9081776"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X0070071X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/1930083298"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2013.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2012.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2013.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12084"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9071465"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182016001190"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005098"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2019010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2502.172028"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2013.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_2","unstructured":"Soil-transmitted helminth infections. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/soil-transmitted-helminth-infections."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31930-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00531-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2012.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.05040-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-6896-6.00031-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-015-4706-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2019.154931"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00673-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00827-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-3980-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001280"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009550"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00748-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu234"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rinim.2013.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_96_2","unstructured":"Malaria. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/malaria."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.939357"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00126"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_99_2","unstructured":"CDC - Schistosomiasis - Epidemiology & Risk Factors. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/parasites\/schistosomiasis\/epi.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005193"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9573413"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofz153"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-021-00802-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/6173465"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac072"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4290-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40794-018-0063-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e10440"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2015.06.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/Spectrum.01109-21"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12702"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01995"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00490-15"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00464-21"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-116"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006197"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.2658"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3487183"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002535"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00022"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161207"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_122_2","first-page":"3595","article-title":"The redox biology of schistosome parasites and applications for drug development","volume":"18","author":"Huang H-H","year":"2012","unstructured":"Huang H-H, Rigouin C, Williams DL. 2012. The redox biology of schistosome parasites and applications for drug development. Curr Pharm Des 18:3595\u20133611.","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_123_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31204-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_124_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(21)00028-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_125_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2021.1969231"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_126_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7110384"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_127_2","unstructured":"Prevention C.-C. for D. C. and. CDC - Leishmaniasis - Biology. (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_128_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.630934"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_129_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009531"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_130_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/509808"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_131_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00061"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_132_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12095"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_133_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/240512"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_134_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.15521"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_135_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3024.2002.00473.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_136_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2006.051319"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_137_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-244"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_138_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed8080383"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_139_2","unstructured":"Neglected Tropical Diseases. https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/neglected-tropical-diseases#tab=tab_1."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_140_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010047"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_141_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2016.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_142_2","unstructured":"Chagas disease (also known as American trypanosomiasis).https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/chagas-disease-(american-trypanosomiasis)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_143_2","unstructured":"Chagas disease - PAHO\/WHO | Pan American Health Organization. https:\/\/www.paho.org\/en\/topics\/chagas-disease."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_144_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001859"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_145_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(73)90034-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_146_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2017.02.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_147_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2013.00089"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_148_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(81)90013-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_149_2","first-page":"317","article-title":"Interference with homologous immunity and faecal egg excretion in Schistosoma infections in mice concurrently infected with Trypanosoma brucei and Schistosoma mansoni","volume":"34","author":"Fagbemi BO","year":"1987","unstructured":"Fagbemi BO. 1987. Interference with homologous immunity and faecal egg excretion in Schistosoma infections in mice concurrently infected with Trypanosoma brucei and Schistosoma mansoni. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 34:317\u2013322.","journal-title":"Folia Parasitol (Praha)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_150_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002367728702100207"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_151_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/s0037-86821986000100008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_152_2","unstructured":"Prevention. 2019. C.-C. for D. C. and. CDC - Toxoplasmosis - Epidemiology & Risk Factors"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_153_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002541"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_154_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu189"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_155_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.810718"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_156_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16412-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_157_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oftal.2020.05.032"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_158_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182021001013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_159_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.09.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_160_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2008.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_161_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.1.185-191.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_162_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2020.104643"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_163_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3128869"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_164_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-69078-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_165_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-014-0505-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_166_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24248\/eahrj.v6i2.695"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_167_2","first-page":"537","article-title":"Assessment of the role of soluble intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) in the pathogenesis and as a marker of disease severity in different stages of human schistosomiasis and toxoplasmosis","volume":"30","author":"Afifi MA","year":"2000","unstructured":"Afifi MA, Tawfeek GM, Abdel Aziz SS, Abdel Aaty HA. 2000. Assessment of the role of soluble intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) in the pathogenesis and as a marker of disease severity in different stages of human schistosomiasis and toxoplasmosis. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 30:537\u2013545.","journal-title":"J Egypt Soc Parasitol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_168_2","first-page":"807","article-title":"Studies on chronic liver diseases in patients with and without Toxoplasma latent infection","volume":"22","author":"Fayad ME","year":"1992","unstructured":"Fayad ME, Farrag AM, Hussein MM, Amer NA. 1992. Studies on chronic liver diseases in patients with and without Toxoplasma latent infection. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 22:807\u2013815.","journal-title":"J Egypt Soc Parasitol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_169_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.774980"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_170_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.163.4.2089"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_171_2","first-page":"407","article-title":"Mortality and other parameters of concomitant infections in albino mice: the Schistosoma-Toxoplasma model","volume":"29","author":"Kloetzel K","year":"1977","unstructured":"Kloetzel K, Chieffi PP, Faleiros JJ, Filho TJ. 1977. Mortality and other parameters of concomitant infections in albino mice: the Schistosoma-Toxoplasma model. Trop Geogr Med 29:407\u2013410.","journal-title":"Trop Geogr Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_172_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00442"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_173_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.3.1454-1462.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_174_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001574-200201000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_175_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41043-018-0137-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_176_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7100253"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_177_2","unstructured":"CDC - DPDx - Amebiasis. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/dpdx\/amebiasis\/index.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_178_2","unstructured":"CDC - DPDx - Giardiasis. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/dpdx\/giardiasis\/index.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_179_2","unstructured":"CDC - DPDx - Cryptosporidiosis. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/dpdx\/cryptosporidiosis\/index.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_180_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2020025"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_181_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2111-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_182_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4601420"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_183_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra022710"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_184_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.963723"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_185_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-016-2212-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_186_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00175"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_187_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4933-10-29"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_188_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12950-015-0050-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_189_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trw072"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_190_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-018-0504-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_191_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IMCRJ.S377632"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_192_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed5030137"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_193_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2810.212567"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_194_2","unstructured":"Tuberculosis. https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/tuberculosis#tab=tab_1."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_195_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/AID.2012.0028"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_196_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.178.6.2243"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_197_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005342"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_198_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-018-0404-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_199_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.11.038"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_200_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2004.02719.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_201_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.09.038"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_202_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201304-0803OC"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_203_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI65728"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_204_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI77378"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_205_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2009.00291.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_206_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.9.4561"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_207_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201545843"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_208_2","first-page":"550","article-title":"HIV-TB co-infection: epidemiology, diagnosis &amp; management","volume":"121","author":"Sharma SK","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sharma SK, Mohan A, Kadhiravan T. 2005. HIV-TB co-infection: epidemiology, diagnosis &amp; management. Indian J Med Res 121:550\u2013567.","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_209_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw156"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_210_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1800101"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_211_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2299"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_212_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20091473"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_213_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.72923"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_214_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000512279"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_215_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005390"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_216_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00127"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_217_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009194"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_218_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2021.102126"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_219_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008764"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_220_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.02.048"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_221_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760160395"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_222_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17176061"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_223_2","unstructured":"2015. WHO Estimates of the Global Burden of Foodborne Diseases: Foodborne Disease Burden Epidemiology Reference Group 2007-2015. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241565165"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_224_2","unstructured":"Salmonella Homepage | CDC. n.d. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/salmonella\/index.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_225_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac035"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_226_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00164"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_227_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21553769.2015.1051243"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_228_2","first-page":"806","article-title":"Searching for Salmonella","volume":"37","author":"Darby J","year":"2008","unstructured":"Darby J, Sheorey H. 2008. Searching for Salmonella. Aust Fam Physician 37:806\u2013810.","journal-title":"Aust Fam Physician"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_229_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1063-1945"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_230_2","unstructured":"Information for Healthcare Professionals | Salmonella | CDC. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/salmonella\/general\/technical.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_231_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00219-20"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_232_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10123492"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_233_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2016.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_234_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00027-19"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_235_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-021-02718-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_236_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/s0037-86822009000400015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_237_2","first-page":"355","article-title":"Delayed Salmonella bacteriuria in a patient infected with Schistosoma haematobium","volume":"32","author":"Bour\u00e9e P","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bour\u00e9e P, Botterel F, Romand S. 2002. Delayed Salmonella bacteriuria in a patient infected with Schistosoma haematobium. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 32:355\u2013360.","journal-title":"J Egypt Soc Parasitol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_238_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1978.27.919"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_239_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2021.100842"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_240_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/18.1.103"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_241_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007875"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_242_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-015-1030-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_243_2","first-page":"165","article-title":"Schistosomal glomerulopathy: a putative role for commonly associated Salmonella infection","volume":"25","author":"Abdul-Fattah MM","year":"1995","unstructured":"Abdul-Fattah MM, Yossef SM, Ebraheem ME, Nasr ME, Hassan MA, Abdul Wahab SE. 1995. Schistosomal glomerulopathy: a putative role for commonly associated Salmonella infection. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 25:165\u2013173.","journal-title":"J Egypt Soc Parasitol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_244_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/s0036-46651992000300002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_245_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-020-06804-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_246_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.44.2.274-281.1984"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_247_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-123"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_248_2","first-page":"24","article-title":"Salmonella typhi infection in Schistosoma mansoni infected mice","volume":"15","author":"Njunda AL","year":"1996","unstructured":"Njunda AL, Oyerinde JP. 1996. Salmonella typhi infection in Schistosoma mansoni infected mice. West Afr J Med 15:24\u201330.","journal-title":"West Afr J Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_249_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02614"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_250_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2023.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_251_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1992.46.132"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_252_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/s0037-86821997000200003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_253_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1981.30.385"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_254_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-00992-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_255_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9343(02)01054-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_256_2","first-page":"27","article-title":"Urinary tract infection risk factors and gender","volume":"3","author":"Harrington RD","year":"2000","unstructured":"Harrington RD, Hooton TM. 2000. Urinary tract infection risk factors and gender. J Gend Specif Med 3:27\u201334.","journal-title":"J Gend Specif Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_257_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.qjmed.a069060"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_258_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2176569"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_259_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1117-1936.181018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_260_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/ajbr.v5i3.53993"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_261_2","article-title":"Schistosomiasis haematobia misdiagnosed as urinary trace infection: one case report","volume":"26","author":"Chai Z-W","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chai Z-W, Xu Q-C, Xu C-M. 2014. Schistosomiasis haematobia misdiagnosed as urinary trace infection: one case report. Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi 26:I.","journal-title":"Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_262_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1977.03280130057018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_263_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5897\/AJMR2015.7838"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_264_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2005.05726.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_265_2","first-page":"797","article-title":"Bacterial flora in hepatic encephalopathy in bilharzial and non-bilharzial patients","volume":"19","author":"el Hawey A","year":"1989","unstructured":"el Hawey A, Massoud A, Badr el Din N, Waheeb A, Abd-el Hamid S. 1989. Bacterial flora in hepatic encephalopathy in bilharzial and non-bilharzial patients. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 19:797\u2013804.","journal-title":"J Egypt Soc Parasitol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_266_2","first-page":"858","article-title":"Impact of schistosomiasis on patient and graft outcome after kidney transplantation","volume":"7","author":"Sobh MA","year":"1992","unstructured":"Sobh MA, el-Agroudy AE, Moustafa FE, Shokeir AA, el-Shazly A, Ghoneim MA. 1992. Impact of schistosomiasis on patient and graft outcome after kidney transplantation. Nephrol Dial Transplant 7:858\u2013864.","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_267_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0090-4295(01)01508-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_268_2","first-page":"85","article-title":"Schistosoma haematobium and urinary tract pathogens co-infections in a rural community of Edo State, Nigeria","volume":"39","author":"Nmorsi OPG","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nmorsi OPG, Kwandu UNCD, Ebiaguanye LM. 2007. Schistosoma haematobium and urinary tract pathogens co-infections in a rural community of Edo State, Nigeria. J Commun Dis 39:85\u201390.","journal-title":"J Commun Dis"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_269_2","first-page":"68","article-title":"Prevalence of urinary tract infection (UTI) and concomitant urinary schistosomiasis among primary school children in Remo North local government, Ogun state, Nigeria","volume":"16","author":"J.Amoo K","year":"2017","unstructured":"J.Amoo K, Amoo O, Oke A, Adegboyega T. 2017. Prevalence of urinary tract infection (UTI) and concomitant urinary schistosomiasis among primary school children in Remo North local government, Ogun state, Nigeria. IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS) 16:68\u201373.","journal-title":"IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_270_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/ojmm.2013.34033"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_271_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2022.186"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_272_2","first-page":"451","article-title":"Studies on the prevalence of renal disease and hypertension in relation to schistosomiasis. III. Proteinuria, haematuria, pyuria and bacteriuria in the rural community of Nigeria","volume":"8","author":"Soyannwo MA","year":"1978","unstructured":"Soyannwo MA, Ogbechi ME, Adeyeni GA, Soyeni AI, Lipede MR, Lucas AO. 1978. Studies on the prevalence of renal disease and hypertension in relation to schistosomiasis. III. Proteinuria, haematuria, pyuria and bacteriuria in the rural community of Nigeria. Niger Med J 8:451\u2013464.","journal-title":"Niger Med J"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_273_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.supp.2014.18.1.4169"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_274_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30574\/wjbphs.2022.10.3.0079"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_275_2","first-page":"6","article-title":"Endemicity of urinary schistosomiasis in north central zone of Abia state, Nigeria","volume":"1","author":"Anosike JC","year":"2001","unstructured":"Anosike JCet al.. 2001. Endemicity of urinary schistosomiasis in north central zone of Abia state, Nigeria. Int J Environ Hlth Human Develop 1:6\u201315.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Hlth Human Develop"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_276_2","first-page":"107","article-title":"Urinary schistosomiasis and concomitant bacteriuria among school age children in some parts of Owerri, IMO state","volume":"3","author":"Nwachukwu IO","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nwachukwu IOet al.. 2018. Urinary schistosomiasis and concomitant bacteriuria among school age children in some parts of Owerri, IMO state. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN ADVANCE ENGINEERING 3:107\u2013115.","journal-title":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN ADVANCE ENGINEERING"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_277_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/16.11.2214"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_278_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000463835"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_279_2","first-page":"27","article-title":"Studies on seasonal variation in the occurrences of Schistosoma haematobium and bacterial urinary infections among school age children in Kano","volume":"10","author":"Usaini B","year":"2006","unstructured":"UsainiB, TauraD, KokiY, et al.. 2006. Studies on seasonal variation in the occurrences of Schistosoma haematobium and bacterial urinary infections among school age children in Kano. IOSR J Pharm Biol Sci 10:27\u201333.","journal-title":"IOSR J Pharm Biol Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_280_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32996\/jmhs.2021.2.2.8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_281_2","first-page":"96","article-title":"Survey of urinary schistosomiasis and trichomoniasis in a rural community in Edo State, Nigeria","volume":"33","author":"Nimorsi OP","year":"2001","unstructured":"Nimorsi OP, Egwunyenga AO, Bajomo DO. 2001. Survey of urinary schistosomiasis and trichomoniasis in a rural community in Edo State, Nigeria. J Commun Dis 33:96\u2013101.","journal-title":"J Commun Dis"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_282_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0024"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_283_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0248-8663(05)81378-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_284_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/jasem.v12i2.55535"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_285_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5580\/270"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_286_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2013.02.785"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_287_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01578-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_288_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04490-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_289_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-375156-0.00013-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_290_2","unstructured":"WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard | WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard With Vaccination Data. Available from: https:\/\/covid19.who.int"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_291_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00639-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_292_2","unstructured":"Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. https:\/\/www.who.int\/europe\/emergencies\/situations\/covid-19."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_293_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2021.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_294_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00573-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_295_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.110"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_296_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010826"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_297_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2020.105251"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_298_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_299_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imcb.12654"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_300_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2023.02.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_301_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2022.12.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_302_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0330-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_303_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19138051"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_304_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101054"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_305_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.3313"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_306_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12982"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_307_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2023.106859"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_308_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2021.106224"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_309_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/traa202"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_310_2","volume-title":"About HIV\/AIDS | HIV Basics | HIV\/AIDS | CDC","unstructured":"About HIV\/AIDS | HIV Basics | HIV\/AIDS | CDC. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hiv\/basics\/whatishiv.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_311_2","unstructured":"HIV and AIDS Epidemic Global Statistics | HIV.Gov. Available from: https:\/\/www.hiv.gov\/hiv-basics\/overview\/data-and-trends\/global-statistics\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_312_2","unstructured":"HIV | CDC. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hiv\/default.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_313_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-019-0447-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_314_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000812"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_315_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/417095a"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_316_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0494"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_317_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0b013e328351b9e3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_318_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005968"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_319_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02643-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_320_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofx199"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_321_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09900-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_322_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-021-01168-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_323_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0280"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_324_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.790627"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_325_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2007.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_326_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007182"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_327_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0b013e3283521144"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_328_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.15596.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_329_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/428907"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_330_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001396"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_331_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_332_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006613"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_333_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6989717"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_334_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0876-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_335_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v17i2.2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_336_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005867"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_337_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0790"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_338_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12545"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_339_2","unstructured":"UNAIDS. 2020. Update: 90\u201390\u201390: Good Progress but the World Is off-Track for Hitting the 2020 Targets. Available from: https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/resources\/presscentre\/featurestories\/2020\/september\/20200921_90-90-90"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_340_2","unstructured":"What is Viral Hepatitis? | CDC. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hepatitis\/abc\/index.htm."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_341_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a031716"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_342_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25505"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_343_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a021410"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_344_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32320-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_345_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life11020169"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_346_2","volume-title":"National Institute of diabetes and digestive and kidney diseases","author":"Nucleoside Analogues","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nucleoside Analogues. 2012. In Livertox: Clinical and research information on drug-induced liver injury. In National Institute of diabetes and digestive and kidney diseases"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_347_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-020-01014-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_348_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.10.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_349_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/171.supplement_1.s9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_350_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.69"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_351_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22010073"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_352_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00537-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_353_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2019.0207"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_354_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.740464"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_355_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/HMER.S155962"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_356_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26141"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_357_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2016.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_358_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104828"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_359_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trz086"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_360_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14218\/JCTH.2018.00016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_361_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i44.7880"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_362_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2015.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_363_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i17.2691"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_364_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-910.2013047004247"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_365_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-015-0251-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_366_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011089"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_367_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009555"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_368_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-00240-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_369_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5114\/ceh.2020.99529"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_370_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz594"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_371_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2019.101467"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_372_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v14050986"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_373_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/tru010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_374_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1991.45.743"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_375_2","unstructured":"Azer SA Limaiem F. 2023. Cytomegalovirus colitis"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_376_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2034"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_377_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.655"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_378_2","unstructured":"About Cytomegalovirus and Congenital CMV Infection | CDC. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/cmv\/overview.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_379_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1753495X14552719"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_380_2","unstructured":"Congenital CMV and Hearing Loss | CDC. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/cmv\/hearing-loss.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_381_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20081986"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_382_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-019-00607-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_383_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00130"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_384_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1070884"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_385_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011242"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_386_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001456"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_387_2","unstructured":"Arbovirus - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/medicine-and-dentistry\/arbovirus."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_388_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14423\/SMJ.0000000000001152"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_389_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.773211"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_390_2","first-page":"279","article-title":"The idea of natural reservoir in arbovirology","volume":"91","author":"Rodhain F","year":"1998","unstructured":"Rodhain F. 1998. The idea of natural reservoir in arbovirology. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 91:279\u2013282.","journal-title":"Bull Soc Pathol Exot"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_391_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001125"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_392_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-0692-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_393_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0552"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_394_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_395_2","unstructured":"CDC - Schistosomiasis - FAQs. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/parasites\/schistosomiasis\/gen_info\/faqs.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_396_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9010032"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_397_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.20.269985"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_398_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1812165"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_399_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9282.63.06.500"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_400_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11686-020-00330-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_401_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.812016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_402_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17420\/ap6501.188"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_403_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.13151"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_404_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000002536"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_405_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/379828"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_406_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1601"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_407_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010176"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_408_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00160"}],"container-title":["Clinical Microbiology Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/cmr.00098-23","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/cmr.00098-23","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T19:25:19Z","timestamp":1715801119000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/cmr.00098-23"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Louisa A.","family":"Messenger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]]},"references-count":405,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/cmr.00098-23"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/cmr.00098-23","relation":{},"ISSN":["0893-8512","1098-6618"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0893-8512","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-6618","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-02-06","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e00098-23"}}