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They had a substrate profile limited to the penicillins, but some became able to confer resistance to cephalosporins. From the 1980s onwards, isolates of\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:named-content>\n                    that were resistant to the carbapenems emerged, manifested by plasmid-encoded \u03b2-lactamases (OXA-23, OXA-40, and OXA-58) categorized as OXA enzymes because of their sequence similarity to earlier OXA \u03b2-lactamases. It was soon found that every\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">A. baumannii<\/jats:named-content>\n                    strain possessed a chromosomally encoded OXA \u03b2-lactamase (OXA-51-like), some of which could confer resistance to carbapenems when the genetic environment around the gene promoted its expression. Similarly,\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Acinetobacter<\/jats:named-content>\n                    species closely related to\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">A. baumannii<\/jats:named-content>\n                    also possessed their own chromosomally encoded OXA \u03b2-lactamases; some could be transferred to\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">A. baumannii<\/jats:named-content>\n                    , and they formed the basis of transferable carbapenem resistance in this species. In some cases, the carbapenem-resistant OXA \u03b2-lactamases (OXA-48) have migrated into the\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:named-content>\n                    and are becoming a significant cause of carbapenem resistance. The emergence of OXA enzymes that can confer resistance to carbapenems, particularly in\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">A. baumannii<\/jats:named-content>\n                    , has transformed these \u03b2-lactamases from a minor hindrance into a major problem set to demote the clinical efficacy of the carbapenems.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00117-13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,2]],"date-time":"2014-04-02T13:05:34Z","timestamp":1396443934000},"page":"241-263","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":808,"title":["OXA \u03b2-Lactamases"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Benjamin A.","family":"Evans","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian G. 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