{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T05:31:03Z","timestamp":1790400663025,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":129,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]],"date-time":"2024-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/ASMCopyrightv2"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]],"date-time":"2024-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733788800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01AI34727"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI34727"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01AI37116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI37116"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Microbiol Rev"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Chancroid, a sexually transmitted infection caused by\n            <jats:italic>Haemophilus ducreyi<\/jats:italic>\n            , is characterized by painful genital ulcers (GU) and inguinal lymphadenitis.\n            <jats:italic>H. ducreyi<\/jats:italic>\n            was recently described as a major cause of non-sexually transmitted cutaneous ulcers (CU) on the lower legs in children in yaws-endemic regions. This review explores the relationship between CU and GU strains of\n            <jats:italic>H. ducreyi<\/jats:italic>\n            ; their clinical presentation, diagnosis, epidemiology, and treatment; and how findings from a human challenge model relate to GU and CU. We contrast the decline of GU with the persistence of CU caused by\n            <jats:italic>H. ducreyi<\/jats:italic>\n            . Factors such as transmission dynamics, control, and elimination efforts are discussed. Syndromic management and targeted treatment of sex workers can eradicate chancroid, while skin colonization by CU strains and environmental factors may necessitate topical treatments or vaccination for CU eradication. Efforts should focus on identifying additional reservoirs of CU strains, improving hygiene, and eliminating asymptomatic colonization to eradicate this painful infection in children.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00135-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,17]],"date-time":"2024-09-17T17:00:24Z","timestamp":1726592424000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Infections caused by\n            <i>Haemophilus ducreyi:<\/i>\n            one organism, two stories"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5752-2235","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jaffar A.","family":"Al-Tawfiq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Unit, Specialty Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare","place":["Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"]},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine","place":["Indianapolis, USA"]},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University","place":["Baltimore, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3435-9911","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stanley M.","family":"Spinola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine","place":["Indianapolis, USA"]},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University","place":["Indianapolis, USA"]},{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University","place":["Indianapolis, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"818","article-title":"Eradicating chancroid","volume":"79","author":"Steen R","year":"2001","unstructured":"Steen R. 2001. Eradicating chancroid. Bull World Health Organ 79:818\u2013826.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"689","volume-title":"Sexually transmitted diseases","author":"Spinola SM","year":"2008","unstructured":"SpinolaSM. 2008. Chancroid and Haemophilus ducreyi, p 689\u2013699. In HolmesKK, SparlingPF, StammWE, Piot P, Wasserheit JN, CoreyL, Cohen MS, WattsDH (ed), Sexually transmitted diseases, 4th ed. McGraw-Hill, New York.","edition":"4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000226"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2201.150425"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.2.2.137"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.53.4.377-389.1989"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/2.6.867"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.2014.892414"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/515404"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-0960.2008.00439.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2010.tb03537.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2006.10.569"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.65.2.126"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.174.6.2002-2013.1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.4.2387-2399.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/pr0340025"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003918"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005259"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2404.171726"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy343"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012398"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/516471"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/514548"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.71.4.224"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4060-3.00008-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-199507000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00702-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.8.3.357"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2022.154026"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(14)70019-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.76.2.137"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.1.49-54.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/175.3.583"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.olq.0000149669.98128.ce"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(98)90003-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.34.7.1303"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.186.23.8114-8122.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.37.7.1552"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006273"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix723"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30023-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.1.268-273.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-200001000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.79.3.202"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/315005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-200302000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-0241"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-200303000-00013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/496979"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32825a69bd"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e31816a4f2e"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000051"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2008.034207"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/605647"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/ijsa.2010.009584"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3182099545"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e31826ae97d"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.1179"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0194125"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000694"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4102\/sajid.v37i1.444"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001853"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-199901000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/515603"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/09564620260079626"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3181bd1007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3182663e22"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0255-0857.108709"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-200210000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/514751"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0063953"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000470"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2023-055950"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/515664"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/314502"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.2.601-605.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/503424"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12710"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S44553"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(15)00011-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61624-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005154"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1408586"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2010.140573"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.03162-20"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009180"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2109449"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0292034"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011553"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0295088"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003496"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004958"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012194"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.4.1667-1676.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/598966"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.615402"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/169.5.1146"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-200002000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-200202000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.4.2309-2314.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.4.2549-2557.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2006.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.11.6658-6663.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/314732"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00777-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/333514a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/314483"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(83)91161-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1286-4579(02)01639-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(94)93004-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/515320"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-200001000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105458"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.71.4.244"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30204-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2013.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac314"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00176-23"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00058-24:e0005824"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_122_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0118613"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_123_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.05.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_124_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.74.4.2224-2232.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_125_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00217-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_126_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00017-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_127_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.63.8.3094-3100.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_128_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.2007\/013953-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_129_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.3.1367-1371.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_130_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2018.0032"}],"container-title":["Clinical Microbiology Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/cmr.00135-24","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/cmr.00135-24","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]],"date-time":"2024-12-10T14:02:53Z","timestamp":1733839373000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/cmr.00135-24"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Graeme N.","family":"Forrest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]]},"references-count":129,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/cmr.00135-24"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/cmr.00135-24","relation":{},"ISSN":["0893-8512","1098-6618"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0893-8512","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-6618","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-09-17","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e00135-24"}}