{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T17:54:05Z","timestamp":1790963645452,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":160,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/ASMCopyrightv2"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Microbiol Rev"],"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Brucella<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. are highly adapted intracellular bacterial pathogens that remain a substantial global cause of zoonotic disease. The globally distributed species\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Brucella melitensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Brucella abortus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Brucella suis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Brucella canis<\/jats:italic>\n                    account for the majority of human infections, reflecting their efficient transmission across animal hosts, and their exceptional capacity to survive and replicate within the intracellular niche. Although animal infections are often clinically silent, human brucellosis can exhibit persistent intracellular infection and relapsing fever. Growing genomic data highlight expanding species diversity, including\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. canis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and marine\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Brucella<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Progress in elucidating the intracellular life cycle of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Brucella<\/jats:italic>\n                    , including the maturation of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Brucella<\/jats:italic>\n                    -containing vacuoles, immune evasion strategies, and the role of the type IV secretion system, has refined our understanding of disease pathogenesis across hosts. At the same time, expanding molecular surveillance, global minimum-spanning-tree analyses, and One Health epidemiology have clarified transmission pathways among livestock, dogs, wildlife, and humans, revealing both cross-species connectivity and geographical hotspots of emergence. Given the limitations of existing livestock vaccines and the absence of human or canine vaccines, diverse next-generation platforms are now advancing toward translational evaluation. Unlike prior reviews focused primarily on livestock brucellosis or classical species, this review integrates emerging canine and marine\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Brucella<\/jats:italic>\n                    lineages with advances in genomics, intracellular pathogenesis, and next-generation vaccine strategies within a unified One Health framework. In this review, we synthesize global trends in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Brucella<\/jats:italic>\n                    species diversity, zoonotic emergence, mechanisms of intracellular pathogenesis, and the status of current and experimental vaccines, while highlighting the One Health interventions needed to disrupt transmission and advance toward comprehensive brucellosis control.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00139-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T13:01:49Z","timestamp":1790773309000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Re-emergence of\n                    <i>Brucella<\/i>\n                    species: epidemiology and pathogenesis"],"prefix":"10.1128","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0830-6134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sadia","family":"Tamanna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01zt9a375","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Chosun University College of Medicine","place":["Gwangju, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6373-0922","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dong-Min","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01zt9a375","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Chosun University College of Medicine","place":["Gwangju, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beomgi","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01zt9a375","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Chosun University College of Medicine","place":["Gwangju, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Choon-Mee","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01zt9a375","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Premedical Science, Chosun University College of Medicine","place":["Gwangju, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"You-Mi","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01zt9a375","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Chosun University College of Medicine","place":["Gwangju, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"336","volume-title":"Animal brucellosis","author":"Carmichael LE","year":"1990","unstructured":"Carmichael LE, Nielsen K, Duncan JR. 1990. Brucella canis, p 336\u2013350. In Animal brucellosis. Vol. 1."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","first-page":"902","volume-title":"Current science","author":"Thakur SD","year":"2012","unstructured":"Thakur SD, Vaid RK, Panda AK, Saini Y. 2012. Marine mammal brucellosis: a new dimension to an old zoonosis, p 902\u2013910. In Current science"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12691\/ajidm-8-4-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","volume-title":"Brucellosis in humans and animals","author":"Corbel MJ","year":"2006","unstructured":"Corbel MJ. 2006. Brucellosis in humans and animals. World Health Organization."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2023.2249126"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6001\/biologija.2024.70.2-3.5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22073673"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10010083"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","unstructured":"Baldacchino J. 2022. Agriculture and peasant politics in wartime Malta 1939-1945. Master\u2019s thesis University of Malta."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1968.10665221"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jramc-119-03-02"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","volume-title":"David Bruce (1855\u20131931): Malta fever, nagana, and East African trypanosomiasis","author":"Cook GC","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cook GC. 2007. David Bruce (1855\u20131931): Malta fever, nagana, and East African trypanosomiasis"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","unstructured":"Tadayon RA. 1964. The incidence of brucellar infection in the west of Scotland with special reference to the milk supply of the city of Glasgow. United Kingdom. University of Glasgow."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.13291"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","first-page":"60","article-title":"Bernhard bang: physician, veterinarian, scientist (1848-1932)","volume":"28","author":"Williams TF","year":"1954","unstructured":"Williams TF, McKusick VA. 1954. Bernhard bang: physician, veterinarian, scientist (1848-1932). Bull Hist Med 28:60\u201372.","journal-title":"Bull Hist Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuaa045"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","first-page":"165","article-title":"Brucellosis in fact and fiction: the story of a zoonosis","volume":"18","author":"Sayer K","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sayer K. 2016. Brucellosis in fact and fiction: the story of a zoonosis. Vet Hist 18:165\u2013183.","journal-title":"Vet Hist"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/4576846"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","first-page":"287","volume-title":"Zoonoses-infections affecting humans and animals: focus on public health aspects","author":"Bosilkovski M","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bosilkovski M. 2014. Brucellosis: it is not only Malta!, p 287\u2013315. In Zoonoses-infections affecting humans and animals: focus on public health aspects. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1571087"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-5016-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.32.1.2189"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-023-03773-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","first-page":"255","article-title":"Brucella melitensis infection in sheep: present and future","volume":"29","author":"Garin-Bastuji B","year":"1998","unstructured":"Garin-Bastuji B, Blasco JM, Grayon M, Verger JM. 1998. Brucella melitensis infection in sheep: present and future. Vet Res 29:255\u2013274.","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","article-title":"Control and eradication of Brucella melitensis infection in sheep and goats","volume":"31","author":"Blasco JM","year":"2011","unstructured":"Blasco JM. 2011. Control and eradication of Brucella melitensis infection in sheep and goats. Contrib Maced Acad Sci Arts 31","journal-title":"Contrib Maced Acad Sci Arts"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268814003513"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268809990525"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.1329"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17305\/bjbms.2006.3203"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2909.230052"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(06)70382-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. 2025. Brucellosis. WHO. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/brucellosis"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","unstructured":"World Organisation for Animal Health. 2025. Animal disease events. WAHIS: World Animal Health Information System. Available from: https:\/\/wahis.oie.int"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2019.105241"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14502"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","first-page":"151","volume-title":"Brucellosis","author":"L\u00f3pez-Merino A","year":"2020","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Merino A. 2020. Brucellosis in Latin America, p 151\u2013161. In Brucellosis. CRC Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-85441-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01091-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-10-249"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00452"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555817381.ch47"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5897\/AJB2013.13442"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1286-4579(00)01263-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.1.235-240.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-018-4762-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","first-page":"257","volume-title":"Brucella ceti and Brucella pinnipedialis infections in marine mammals","author":"Godfroid J","year":"2012","unstructured":"Godfroid J, Nymo IH, Tryland M, Cloeckaert A, Jauniaux T, Whatmore AM, Moreno E, Foster G. 2012. Brucella ceti and Brucella pinnipedialis infections in marine mammals, p 257\u2013269. Oxford University Press, New York."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0184758"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182003003822"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01329"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1389859"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-017-0207-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.77.1120"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46234\/ccdcw2021.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70270-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(07)70286-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2178-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-9-76"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420041637.ch16"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1348-0421.12474"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1980.03310200058031"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2408.171171"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12834\/VetIt.2561.16874.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2707.201238"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_2","volume-title":"Medical microbiology","author":"Alton GG","year":"1996","unstructured":"Alton GG, Forsyth JRL. 1996. Brucella. In Medical microbiology, 4th ed. Churchill Livingstone, New York.","edition":"4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1874318801004010119"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14456\/ITJEMAST.2022.156"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-011-9794-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.06.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2011.01429.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_72_2","unstructured":"Shin H-Y. 2025. Over 100 cases of 'dog STD' found at breeding farm in Ganghwa County. Korea JoongAng Daily. Available from: https:\/\/koreajoongangdaily.joins.com\/news\/2025-08-27\/national\/socialAffairs\/Over-100-cases-of-dog-STD-found-at-breeding-farm-in-Ganghwa-County\/2385255. Retrieved 02 Dec 2025."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2024.2417859"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1720528"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822004000100027"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/epidemiologia6040071"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2020.105157"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7325a3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(69)90551-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.56.11.2808-2817.1988"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2023.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.04.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ness JM Ness JM Moors AJ Pugh RS. 2017. Risk assessment of brucellosis for tissues processed and archived at the marine environmental specimen bank. US Department of Commerce National Institute of Standards and Technology. doi:10.6028\/NIST.SP.1211","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.SP.1211"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_84_2","first-page":"5","article-title":"Brucellosis: a highly infectious zoonosis of public health and economic importance","volume":"3","author":"Berhanu G","year":"2020","unstructured":"Berhanu G, Pal M. 2020. Brucellosis: a highly infectious zoonosis of public health and economic importance. J Emerg Environ Technol Health Prot 3:5\u20139. https:\/\/www.telegeco.gr\/3_1.pdf.","journal-title":"J Emerg Environ Technol Health Prot"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20008686.2018.1500846"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00135-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.02.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12856"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268815002241"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076332"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011889"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30476\/ijms.2019.44968"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1134\/S106235901007006X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.13121"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12163"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-96464-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-86889-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_98_2","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. 2024. Brucellosis: annual epidemiological report for 2022. Stockholm. ECDC. https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/publications-data\/brucellosis-annual-epidemiological-report-2022."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_99_2","article-title":"Skeletal involvement of Brucella melitensis in children: a systematic review","volume":"38","author":"Dashti AS","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dashti AS, Karimi A. 2013. Skeletal involvement of Brucella melitensis in children: a systematic review. Iran J Med Sci 38:286.","journal-title":"Iran J Med Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-85681-2.00007-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.114141"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_102_2","first-page":"631","article-title":"Brucellosis: diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment","volume":"19","author":"Harris HJ","year":"1943","unstructured":"Harris HJ. 1943. Brucellosis: diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment. Bull N Y Acad Med 19:631\u2013655.","journal-title":"Bull N Y Acad Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2005.10.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-022-07872-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevImmunol.v26.i5.30"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115442"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.BAI-0006-2019"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2012.00334.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34324"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-55737-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008164"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep00495"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009171"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.7.3927-3932.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.6.3261-3271.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21207749"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0091-6749(03)02025-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00048-20"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1342684"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxh148"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M805458200"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_122_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232113417"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_123_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1608617"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_124_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-016-0581-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_125_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1574888X18666230222124529"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_126_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003556"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_127_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1129172"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_128_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00380-19"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_129_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12452"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_130_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1202"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_131_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0406873102"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_132_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000487"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_133_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.07.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_134_2","unstructured":"Nayak A. 2023. Studies on stress susceptibility growth kinetics and stability of Brucella abortus S19 per. Doctoral dissertation Indian Veterinary Research Institute."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_135_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(02)00231-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_136_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellin.2023.100143"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_137_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09291016.2019.1613794"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_138_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410x(90)90247-j"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_139_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14259"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_140_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11071273"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_141_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12010169"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_142_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-017-0422-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_143_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-021-00939-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_144_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12061047"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_145_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvacx.2019.100041"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_146_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107308"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_147_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.000170"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_148_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-695X.12010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_149_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2011.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_150_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1874318801004010119"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_151_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.4.6.915"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_152_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2025.127963"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_153_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.10.6537-6546.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_154_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01151-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_155_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-20507-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_156_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/1438928"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_157_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2018.9735"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_158_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-09509-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_159_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S249942"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_160_2","first-page":"409","article-title":"Immunization with viable Brucella organisms. Results of a safety test in humans","volume":"26","author":"Spink WW","year":"1962","unstructured":"Spink WW, Hall JW 3rd, Finstad J, Mallet E. 1962. Immunization with viable Brucella organisms. Results of a safety test in humans. Bull World Health Organ 26:409\u2013419.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_161_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-12059-7"}],"container-title":["Clinical Microbiology Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/cmr.00139-26","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/cmr.00139-26","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T17:07:21Z","timestamp":1790960841000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/cmr.00139-26"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Graeme N.","family":"Forrest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"references-count":160,"alternative-id":["10.1128\/cmr.00139-26"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/cmr.00139-26","relation":{},"ISSN":["0893-8512","1098-6618"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0893-8512","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-6618","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-09-30","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e00139-26"}}