{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T14:45:37Z","timestamp":1791470737905,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":430,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]],"date-time":"2024-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/ASMCopyrightv2"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]],"date-time":"2024-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733788800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Microbiol Rev"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    In healthcare settings, contaminated surfaces play an important role in the transmission of nosocomial pathogens potentially resulting in healthcare-associated infections (HAI). Pathogens can be transmitted directly from frequent hand-touch surfaces close to patients or indirectly by staff and visitors. HAI risk depends on exposure, extent of contamination, infectious dose (ID), virulence, hygiene practices, and patient vulnerability. This review attempts to close a gap in previous reviews on persistence\/tenacity by only including articles (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 171) providing quantitative data on re-cultivable pathogens from fomites for a better translation into clinical settings. We have therefore introduced the new term \u201creplication capacity\u201d (RC). The RC is affected by the degree of contamination, surface material, temperature, relative humidity, protein load, organic soil, UV-light (sunlight) exposure, and pH value. In general, investigations into surface RC are mainly performed\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    using reference strains with high inocula.\n                    <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    data from studies on 14 Gram-positive, 26 Gram-negative bacteria, 18 fungi, 4 protozoa, and 37 viruses. It should be regarded as a worst-case scenario indicating the upper bounds of risks when using such data for clinical decision-making. Information on RC after surface contamination could be seen as an opportunity to choose the most appropriate infection prevention and control (IPC) strategies. To help with decision-making, pathogens characterized by an increased nosocomial risk for transmission from inanimate surfaces (\u201cfomite-borne\u201d) are presented and discussed in this systematic review. Thus, the review offers a theoretical basis to support local risk assessments and IPC recommendations.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00186-23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]],"date-time":"2024-10-10T08:29:35Z","timestamp":1728548975000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["How long do bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses retain their replication capacity on inanimate surfaces? A systematic review examining environmental resilience versus healthcare-associated infection risk by \u201cfomite-borne risk assessment\u201d"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4193-2149","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Axel","family":"Kramer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald","place":["Greifswald, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3463-2842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franziska","family":"Lexow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Infectious Diseases, Unit 14: Hospital Hygiene, Infection Prevention and Control, Robert Koch Institute","place":["Berlin, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Bludau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection Control and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center G\u00f6ttingen (UMG), Georg-August University G\u00f6ttingen","place":["G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonia Milena","family":"K\u00f6ster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection Control and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center G\u00f6ttingen (UMG), Georg-August University G\u00f6ttingen","place":["G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Misailovski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection Control and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center G\u00f6ttingen (UMG), Georg-August University G\u00f6ttingen","place":["G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"]},{"name":"Department of Geriatrics, University of G\u00f6ttingen Medical Center","place":["G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrike","family":"Seifert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedrich Loeffler-Institute of Medical Microbiology \u2013 Virology, University Medicine Greifswald","place":["Greifswald, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maren","family":"Eggers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Labor Prof. Dr. G. 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