{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T01:39:28Z","timestamp":1790300368084,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":260,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/ASMCopyrightv2"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781136000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-AI119380"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-AI119380"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30-GM145393"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30-GM145393"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Microbiol Rev"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>\n                    <jats:bold>SUMMARY<\/jats:bold>\n                  <\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Osteomyelitis refers to inflammation in the bone and is most often a consequence of bacterial infection. The most common cause, and the pathogen that causes the most severe form of infection, is\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Staphylococcus aureus. S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a common commensal of healthy humans, and this contributes to its predominance as a cause of osteomyelitis, but this does not account for the severity of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    bone infections or their therapeutic recalcitrance to conventional antibiotic therapy. Clinical characteristics of osteomyelitis implicated in this regard include cortical bone destruction resulting in a compromised local blood supply, formation of a biofilm, the ability to invade and survive inside osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes, the formation of small-colony variants and persister cells, and invasion of the osteocyte lacuno-canalicular network. This review summarizes evidence implicating these features in the pathogenesis and therapeutic recalcitrance of osteomyelitis, and the attributes of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    that contribute to these features and define\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    as the predominant orthopedic pathogen.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00259-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T13:00:41Z","timestamp":1776344441000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Mechanistic insights into the pathogenesis and therapeutic recalcitrance of\n                    <i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i>\n                    osteomyelitis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9152-8198","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Karen E.","family":"Beenken","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00xcryt71","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences","place":["Little Rock, USA"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00xcryt71","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences","place":["Little Rock, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5131-8129","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mara J.","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00xcryt71","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences","place":["Little Rock, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Humberto","family":"Reyes-Pardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00xcryt71","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Division of Endocrinology, The University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences","place":["Little Rock, USA"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01s5r6w32","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System","place":["Little Rock, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles A.","family":"O\u2019Brien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00xcryt71","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Division of Endocrinology, The University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences","place":["Little Rock, USA"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01s5r6w32","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System","place":["Little Rock, USA"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00xcryt71","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences","place":["Little Rock, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0878-0692","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mark S.","family":"Smeltzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00xcryt71","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences","place":["Little Rock, USA"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00xcryt71","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences","place":["Little Rock, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5114\/reum\/196595"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0b013e328363eb08"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106905"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0337516"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2017.1372192"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3182025070"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16727-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00932-19"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13185424"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000003067"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piad007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piab027"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orthres.2005.03.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.1.516-523.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-13-00102"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/jbji-9-173-2024"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semvascsurg.2025.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","first-page":"1027","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of osteomyelitis","volume":"84","author":"Hatzenbuehler J","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hatzenbuehler J, Pulling TJ. 2011. Diagnosis and management of osteomyelitis. Am Fam Physician 84:1027\u20131033.","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","first-page":"259","article-title":"Approach to adult osteomyelitis","volume":"16","author":"Cierny G","year":"1987","unstructured":"Cierny G 3rd, Mader JT. 1987. Approach to adult osteomyelitis. Orthop Rev 16:259\u2013270.","journal-title":"Orthop Rev"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/516149"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12050937"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkg186"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2019.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/jbji.21050"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12570-011-0056-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.N.01350"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2024.285066"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofw157"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13722-021-00267-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00162-23"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12061054"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2013.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2023.2241550"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-022-05992-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/039139880602900411"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jot.2023.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2024.111842"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.63.9.3373-3380.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100150314"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/2046-3758.103.BJR-2019-0193.R3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01127-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-89830-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0885328214535452"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-017-5231-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000952"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.24986"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2024.122774"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0041863"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0157133"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit840"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00473-24"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2023.2175496"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00152-16"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2115987119"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-025-01226-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2024.117181"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1219895"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00686-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2025.117536"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.937466"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1403289"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.13312"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2019.102039"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-021119-034332"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.25988"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2009.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00415-18"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jot.2024.06.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00512"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13070640"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2025.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad253"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2010.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3791\/50072"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit817"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193445"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10020199"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jbmrpl\/ziad005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.651515"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001088"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/g3.112.002501"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004149"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179033"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21197061"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-024-04639-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v8.i4.135"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000003875"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2024.233"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2024.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043234"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13121192"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.15392"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2010.090960"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/509506"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000715"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12091782"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-20582-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000354440"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00451-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-016-0476-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2010.00708.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41413-019-0061-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.03.030"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofv093"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-020-03984-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1111084108"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.187.2.576-592.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.1.343-353.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.7.4206-4211.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028781"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003269"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2014.00167"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004870"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/503777"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.846167"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0150693"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(01)00632-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_122_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/314576"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_123_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68231-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_124_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-148-4-200802190-00204"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_125_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13010181"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_126_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.01584-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_127_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13010025"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_128_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01021-15"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_129_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00046-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_130_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1998.01126.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_131_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.05436-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_132_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010790"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_133_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_134_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2021.1879550"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_135_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2021.1878688"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_136_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.9.5139-5148.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_137_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.12943"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_138_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2020.1855923"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_139_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05292.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_140_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00294-016-0656-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_141_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00220-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_142_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00128-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_143_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.14404"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_144_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1509251112"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_145_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.9b00291"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_146_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00676-19"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_147_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.03288-20"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_148_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.03383-23"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_149_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00294-015-0503-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_150_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01036-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_151_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00713-21"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_152_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_153_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12582"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_154_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00331-18"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_155_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00796-19"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_156_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.2007\/011874-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_157_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis483"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_158_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00789-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_159_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/317606"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_160_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-05382-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_161_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-00521-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_162_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e40524"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_163_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2016.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_164_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00394-15"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_165_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3110"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_166_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2012.00064"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_167_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10040157"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_168_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.185.10.3214-3217.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_169_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.GPP3-0046-2018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_170_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100175"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_171_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases11040160"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_172_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2015.00001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_173_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02280-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_174_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.214"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_175_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13040852"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_176_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.26634-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_177_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2024.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_178_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.009720-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_179_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1384"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_180_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2014.00099"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_181_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1557"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_182_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3076"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_183_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13543784.2024.2305136"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_184_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ja.2014.115"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_185_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-018-9501-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_186_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01028"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_187_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2022.2159319"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_188_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_189_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.638085"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_190_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.2806"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_191_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.573253"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_192_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00255"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_193_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.723498"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_194_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.3055"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_195_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.CC.17.00154"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_196_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11101351"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_197_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2015.00085"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_198_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2014.07.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_199_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02447-19"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_200_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-019-00548-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_201_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01062-21"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_202_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-78754-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_203_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.02054"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_204_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200506000-00022"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_205_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10081064"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_206_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22203\/eCM.v025a24"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_207_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2022.116538"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_208_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2022.151568"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_209_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01140-22"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_210_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.620339"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_211_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00286-21"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_212_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-0679-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_213_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.658380"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_214_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.112223"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_215_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-47258-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_216_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-014-0023-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_217_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10081743"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_218_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-08723-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_219_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S6961"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_220_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01251-16"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_221_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02764-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_222_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14040386"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_223_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03147-23"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_224_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2024.111631"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_225_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2018.1523093"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_226_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00586-19"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_227_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10020199"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_228_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.5c00569"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_229_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-024-04015-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_230_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1396592"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_231_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51894-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_232_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00422-18"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_233_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-06161-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_234_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00834-16"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_235_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40246-025-00826-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_236_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10081804"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_237_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00808-24"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_238_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2025.04.052"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_239_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10717544.2021.1998246"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_240_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_241_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.OA.25.00157"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_242_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16062387"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_243_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2024.106661"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_244_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.04.038"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_245_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1671151"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_246_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.5b00117"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_247_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02656736.2017.1392047"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_248_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1529\/biophysj.105.061895"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_249_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.remnie.2019.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_250_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2023.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_251_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13041058"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_252_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CORR.0000000000003314"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_253_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-62036-2_22"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_254_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11010082"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_255_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.201200242"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_256_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.1c01516"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_257_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.70042"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_258_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/jbji.26492"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_259_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-016-3466-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_260_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1534734613486152"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_261_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-05856-7"}],"container-title":["Clinical Microbiology Reviews"],"original-title":[],"contributor":[{"given":"Himanshu","family":"Meghwani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"reviewer"}]}],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/cmr.00259-25","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/cmr.00259-25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T13:08:49Z","timestamp":1782479329000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/cmr.00259-25"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jacinda","family":"Abdul-Mutakabbir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"references-count":260,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/cmr.00259-25"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/cmr.00259-25","relation":{},"ISSN":["0893-8512","1098-6618"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0893-8512","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-6618","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-04-16","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e00259-25"}}