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Currently, high-income countries (HIC) have a lower prevalence of ESBL-Ec carriage compared to the more concerning prevalence observed in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The aim of this review is to summarize the factors that could explain variations in ESBL-Ec prevalence by bridging together information from epidemiological, clinical, and bacterial genetic data. First, geographical differences in ESBL-Ec carriage in the community could be partly related to disparities in socioeconomic levels (e.g., country-level income, Human Development Index) and their associated conditions. Few risk factors associated with ESBL-Ec carriage overlap between LMICs and HICs, except for antibiotic use. Transmission across human, animal, and environmental sectors is much more common in LMICs, whereas inter-human transmission in HICs is more prominent. From the available molecular data, distinct bacterial genetic backgrounds between LMICs (predominantly A and B1\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    phylogroups) and HICs (predominantly B2 phylogroup) highlight the clones able to successfully disseminate in these settings. As the dissemination of ESBL-Ec is driven by a complex interplay of socioeconomic, behavioral, and bacterial genetic factors, tailored public health strategies, including antibiotic stewardship and innovative strategies discussed herein, are essential to curb further increases in their prevalence.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00274-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T13:00:50Z","timestamp":1779886850000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Dissemination of ESBL-producing\n                    <i>Escherichia coli<\/i>\n                    and carriage in the community worldwide: epidemiology, transmission pathways, molecular insights, and practical 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