{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T13:29:58Z","timestamp":1789046998120,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Microbiol Rev"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The year 2026 marks the 25th anniversary of the discovery of human metapneumovirus (HMPV), which belongs to the metapneumovirus genus within the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Pneumoviridae<\/jats:italic>\n                    family. The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), discovered in 1956, is a close relative of HMPV belonging to the same family but to a different genus. In this article, we review key past findings related to HMPV infection, highlighting the differences with RSV. In addition, we specifically discuss current research areas pertaining to changing epidemiology, clinical burden, host response, as well as therapeutic and prophylactic modalities now in clinical trials. Additional research on HMPV is needed to contain this important respiratory virus.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00330-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T13:52:26Z","timestamp":1783691546000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Twenty-five years of human metapneumovirus research"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Elhadji Birane","family":"Mboup","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05qn5kv73","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Infectious and Immune Diseases Research Program, CHU de Qu\u00e9bec-Universit\u00e9 Laval Research Center","place":["Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"]},{"name":"International Research Laboratory RESPIVIR France-Canada, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine RTH Laennec, Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1","place":["Lyon, France"]},{"name":"CHU de Qu\u00e9bec-Universit\u00e9 Laval Research Center","place":["Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Dubois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Research Laboratory RESPIVIR France-Canada, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine RTH Laennec, Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1","place":["Lyon, France"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/029brtt94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team VirPath, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon","place":["Lyon, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-\u00c8ve","family":"Hamelin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05qn5kv73","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Infectious and Immune Diseases Research Program, CHU de Qu\u00e9bec-Universit\u00e9 Laval Research Center","place":["Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"]},{"name":"International Research Laboratory RESPIVIR France-Canada, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine RTH Laennec, Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1","place":["Lyon, France"]},{"name":"CHU de Qu\u00e9bec-Universit\u00e9 Laval Research Center","place":["Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Rosa-Calatrava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Research Laboratory RESPIVIR France-Canada, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine RTH Laennec, Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1","place":["Lyon, France"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/029brtt94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team VirPath, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon","place":["Lyon, France"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04sjchr03","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universit\u00e9 Laval","place":["Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3027-4662","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Guy","family":"Boivin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05qn5kv73","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Infectious and Immune Diseases Research Program, CHU de Qu\u00e9bec-Universit\u00e9 Laval Research Center","place":["Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"]},{"name":"International Research Laboratory RESPIVIR France-Canada, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine RTH Laennec, Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1","place":["Lyon, France"]},{"name":"CHU de Qu\u00e9bec-Universit\u00e9 Laval Research Center","place":["Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04sjchr03","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universit\u00e9 Laval","place":["Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/89098"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/344319"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-016-2880-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.2008\/006957-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0042-6822(03)00528-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2011.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007984"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00284-25"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02466"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v13122478"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1557880"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02377-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1006.031097"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1201.050772"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02280-22"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf142"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.13.6927-6937.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis333"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/504378"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2008.03.029"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0170200"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/499274"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa025472"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/379200"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.651"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30393-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanhl.2024.100679"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf187"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7411a1"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf086"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2802.211727"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2510"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v13010139"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-025-06448-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00570-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12234"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4081\/idr.2010.e12"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/08850666251375938"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2010.25.3.342"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-84423-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/crj.13747"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2024-070218"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00099228231151401"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf226"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-025-01187-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2018.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v16040600"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2017.11.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(23)00134-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1516698112"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02778"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19420862.2019.1654304"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12442"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu307"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2023.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36459-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10102516"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adz4170"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00106-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb.2250"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00318-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2010.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.82753-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01579-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005859"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2016.1265725"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00678"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-026-69328-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41589-025-02083-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2025.105758"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtct.2023.12.135"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2025.104364"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v17081140"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2008.80"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.23019"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.12510"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3062.2010.00575.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/378304"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a120955"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciae010"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2307079"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2213836"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28931-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.01.047"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01145-25"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.04.075"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.83250-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/pix006"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofac206"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2023-064748"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_95_2","unstructured":"FDA\/VRBPAC. 2024. Considerations for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine safety in pediatric populations. Available from: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/184301\/download. Retrieved 27 Mar 2026."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_96_2","unstructured":"Vicebio. 2025. Pipeline targeting respiratory viruses. Available from: https:\/\/vicebio.com\/pipeline\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_97_2","unstructured":"Clover. 2026. Clover initiates phase 2 clinical trial for RSV + hMPV \u00b1 PIV3 respiratory combination vaccine candidates. Available from: https:\/\/www.cloverbiopharma.com\/media\/189.html. Retrieved 27 Mar 2026."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_98_2","unstructured":"Clover. 2025. Clover initiates phase I clinical trial for RSV + hMPV \u00b1 PIV3 respiratory combination vaccine candidates. Available from: https:\/\/www.cloverbiopharma.com\/media\/183.html. Retrieved 27 Mar 2026."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaf160"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2025.101477"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(25)00067-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_102_2","unstructured":"hVIVO. 2026. HMPV human challenge model. Available from: https:\/\/hvivo.com\/human-challenge-models\/hmpv\/. Retrieved 27 Mar 2026."}],"container-title":["Clinical Microbiology Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/cmr.00330-25","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/cmr.00330-25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T13:01:28Z","timestamp":1789045288000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/cmr.00330-25"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Zheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"references-count":101,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/cmr.00330-25"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/cmr.00330-25","relation":{},"ISSN":["0893-8512","1098-6618"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0893-8512","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-6618","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-07-10","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e00330-25"}}