{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T19:09:31Z","timestamp":1790968171844,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":291,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,4,1]],"date-time":"1999-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":922924800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Microbiol Rev"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The exfoliative (epidermolytic) toxins of Staphylococcus aureus are the causative agents of the staphylococcal scalded-skin syndrome (SSSS), a blistering skin disorder that predominantly affects children. Clinical features of SSSS vary along a spectrum, ranging from a few localized blisters to generalized exfoliation covering almost the entire body. The toxins act specifically at the zona granulosa of the epidermis to produce the characteristic exfoliation, although the mechanism by which this is achieved is still poorly understood. Despite the availability of antibiotics, SSSS carries a significant mortality rate, particularly among neonates with secondary complications of epidermal loss and among adults with underlying diseases. The aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive review of the literature spanning more than a century and to cover all aspects of the disease. The epidemiology, clinical features, potential complications, risk factors, susceptibility, diagnosis, differential diagnoses, investigations currently available, treatment options, and preventive measures are all discussed in detail. Recent crystallographic data on the toxins has provided us with a clearer and more defined approach to studying the disease. Understanding their mode of action has important implications in future treatment and prevention of SSSS and other diseases, and knowledge of their specific site of action may provide a useful tool for physiologists, dermatologists, and pharmacologists.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.12.2.224","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,19]],"date-time":"2018-10-19T12:31:26Z","timestamp":1539952286000},"page":"224-242","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":250,"title":["Clinical, Microbial, and Biochemical Aspects of the Exfoliative Toxins Causing Staphylococcal Scalded-Skin Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Shamez","family":"Ladhani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Division of Biomolecular Sciences, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher L.","family":"Joannou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Division of Biomolecular Sciences, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denise P.","family":"Lochrie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Division of Biomolecular Sciences, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert W.","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Division of Biomolecular Sciences, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan M.","family":"Poston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Division of Biomolecular Sciences, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.9.4066"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/367094a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","unstructured":"Ackerman A. B. Histologic diagnosis of inflammatory skin disease 1978 169 Lea & Febiger Philadelphia Pa"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","first-page":"357","article-title":"Exfoliative toxin-production by Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from animals and human beings in Nigeria.","volume":"14","author":"Adesiyun A. A.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Adesiyun A. A. Lenz W. Schaal K. P. Exfoliative toxin-production by Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from animals and human beings in Nigeria. Microbiologica 14 1991 357 362","journal-title":"Microbiologica"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","first-page":"357","volume":"1","author":"Adlam C.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Adlam C. Anderson J. C. Arbuthnott J. P. Easmon C. S. F. Noble W. C. Staphylococci and staphylococcal infections 1 1983 357 384 Academic Press, Ltd. London, United Kingdom","journal-title":"Staphylococci and staphylococcal infections"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0195-6701(94)90065-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","first-page":"253","article-title":"Pemphigus neonatorum, backteriologisch und epidemiologisch beleuchtet.","volume":"10","author":"Almquist E.","year":"1891","unstructured":"Almquist E. Pemphigus neonatorum, backteriologisch und epidemiologisch beleuchtet. Z. Hyg. Infectionskr. 10 1891 253","journal-title":"Z. Hyg. Infectionskr."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1977.01640060076008"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1975.01630230035004"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.34.1.25"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1978.02120370035008"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-2-4-479"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1971.tb07200.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1973.tb15454.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(74)80342-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-9-2-191"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","unstructured":"Arbuthnott J. P. Characterisation of the epidermolytic toxins of Staphylococcus aureus The staphylococci. Proceedings of the Alexander Ogsten Centennial Conference. MacDonald A. Smith G. 1981 109 118 Aberdeen University Press Aberdeen United Kingdom"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","first-page":"301","article-title":"Toxic epidermal necrolysis: a review.","volume":"31","author":"Avakian R.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Avakian R. Flowers F. P. Araujo O. E. Ramos-Caro F. A. Toxic epidermal necrolysis: a review. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 31 1991 301 302","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","first-page":"229","article-title":"Studies of hospital infection in Birmingham region.","volume":"79","author":"Ayliffe G. A. J.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Ayliffe G. A. J. Brightwell K. M. Collins B. J. Lowbury E. J. L. Goonatilake P. C. L. Etheridge R. A. Studies of hospital infection in Birmingham region. J. Hyg. Camb. 79 1977 229 314","journal-title":"J. Hyg. Camb."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/24.Supplement_1.S74"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2795(80)90230-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2690535"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2840177"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00221387"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/protein\/9.7.591"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","first-page":"224","article-title":"The umbilical cord: to treat or not to treat?","volume":"97","author":"Barr J.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Barr J. The umbilical cord: to treat or not to treat? Midwives Chron. Nursing Notes 97 1984 224 226","journal-title":"Midwives Chron. Nursing Notes"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1990.tb03829.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.62.9.3907-3915.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)91325-G"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(62)92036-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01222118"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_33_2","first-page":"833","article-title":"Staphylococcies exfoliantes (SSSS) de l\u2019adulte.","volume":"113","author":"Blanc M. F.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Blanc M. F. Janier M. Staphylococcies exfoliantes (SSSS) de l\u2019adulte. Ann. Dermatol. Vererol. 113 1986 833 843","journal-title":"Ann. Dermatol. Vererol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10408419009105728"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1984.01650430098018"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/30146490"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_37_2","first-page":"697","article-title":"Bacterial Fc receptors.","volume":"5","author":"Boyer M. D. P.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Boyer M. D. P. Reis K. J. Bacterial Fc receptors. Bio\/Technology 5 1987 697 703","journal-title":"Bio\/Technology"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/343767a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.63.10.4185-4187.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0966-842X(94)90630-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.67.793.1013"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/351491a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001050050510"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_44_2","unstructured":"Carpenter R. G. Gardener A. Studies of medical and population subjects publication 45 1967 23 31 Her Majesty\u2019s Stationary Office London United Kingdom"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0969-2126(97)00235-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.61.9.4013-4016.1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.22.8941"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5190.1927"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(94)70032-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.66.2.285"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/125.5.548"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-4453(88)96249-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-4453(90)92434-M"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(90)80990-Z"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.44.8.681"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800057460"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-14-3-341"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(88)65049-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0560.1975.tb00212.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(90)90388-U"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1968.02100010532002"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_62_2","first-page":"443","article-title":"Topical and systemic therapy for pyodermas.","volume":"19","author":"Dillon H. C.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Dillon H. C. Topical and systemic therapy for pyodermas. J. Dermatol. 19 1980 443 451","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1977.tb07150.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_64_2","first-page":"317","article-title":"Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome in a woman with chronic renal failure exposed to human immunodeficiency virus.","volume":"47","author":"Donahus D.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Donahus D. Robinson B. Goldberg N. S. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome in a woman with chronic renal failure exposed to human immunodeficiency virus. CUTIS 47 1991 317","journal-title":"CUTIS"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/o78-082"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(70)80100-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(84)70035-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197303152881117"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12610196"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12481412"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1977.01640020079014"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_72_2","first-page":"534","article-title":"Epidemiology of ETA- and ETB-producing staphylococci in dermatological patients.","volume":"268","author":"Elsner P.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Elsner P. Hartman A. A. Epidemiology of ETA- and ETB-producing staphylococci in dermatological patients. Zentbl. Bacteriol. Mikrobiol. Hyg. Ser. A 268 1988 534","journal-title":"Zentbl. Bacteriol. Mikrobiol. Hyg. Ser. A"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_73_2","first-page":"421","article-title":"Criteria for the diagnosis of staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome in adults.","volume":"31","author":"Falk D. K.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Falk D. K. King L. E. Criteria for the diagnosis of staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome in adults. CUTIS 31 1983 421 424","journal-title":"CUTIS"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199604043341414"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196210252671709"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8635(18)30253-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_77_2","unstructured":"Ferscht A. R. Enzyme structure and mechanism 2nd ed. 1985 W. H. Freeman & Co. New York N.Y"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/384188a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(88)92730-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-8819(25)02490-0","article-title":"Toxic-shock syndrome.","volume":"19","author":"Finch R. G.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Finch R. G. Whitby M. Toxic-shock syndrome. J. R. Coll. Physicians London 19 1985 219","journal-title":"J. R. Coll. Physicians London"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.167.5.1697"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-8749(89)90177-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00191548"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00216783"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.59.11.4049-4055.1991"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_86_2","first-page":"175","article-title":"Prevalence des souches de Staphylococcus aureus productrices d\u2019exfoliatine dans le groupe bacteriopagique II.","volume":"1131","author":"Fleurette J.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Fleurette J. Ritter J. Prevalence des souches de Staphylococcus aureus productrices d\u2019exfoliatine dans le groupe bacteriopagique II. Ann. Microbiol. 1131B 2 1980 175 183","journal-title":"Ann. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1985.03350350100031"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.4829.170"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.2.5.672-673.1970"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.107.1.245-250.1971"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_91_2","first-page":"363","article-title":"Expanding perspectives on the toxic shock syndrome.","volume":"36","author":"Freedman J. D.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Freedman J. D. Beers D. J. Expanding perspectives on the toxic shock syndrome. Adv. Intern. Med. 36 1991 363","journal-title":"Adv. Intern. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-7258(82)90042-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12497735"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_94_2","first-page":"5","article-title":"Staphylogene toxische epidermale Nekrolyse.","volume":"50","author":"Fritsch P.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Fritsch P. Staphylogene toxische epidermale Nekrolyse. Z. Haut-Geschlechtstkr. 50 1975 5","journal-title":"Z. Haut-Geschlechtstkr."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1976.tb07015.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)90957-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-43-5-318"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.1990.tb01689.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_99_2","first-page":"817","article-title":"Inducing conformational changes in thrombin by ligands as a way of regulating its activity.","volume":"61","author":"Gershkovich A. A.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Gershkovich A. A. Inducing conformational changes in thrombin by ligands as a way of regulating its activity. Biochemistry (Moscow) 61 1996 817 824 (In Russian.)","journal-title":"Biochemistry (Moscow)"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-999029"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199104000-00011"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_102_2","first-page":"385","article-title":"Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome mimicking acute graft-versus-host disease in a bone marrow transplant recipient.","volume":"15","author":"Goldberg N. S.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Goldberg N. S. Ahmed T. Robinson B. Ascensao H. Horwitz H. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome mimicking acute graft-versus-host disease in a bone marrow transplant recipient. Arch. Dermatol. 15 1989 385 389","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12276826"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1995.tb08686.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3955(16)30650-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_106_2","first-page":"348","article-title":"The epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus in a newborn nursery from 1970 through 1976.","volume":"61","author":"Hargiss C.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Hargiss C. Larson E. The epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus in a newborn nursery from 1970 through 1976. Pediatrics (Springfield) 61 1978 348 353","journal-title":"Pediatrics (Springfield)"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.172.3.709"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830191131"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_109_2","first-page":"344","article-title":"Transmission of exfoliatin-producing Staphylococcus aureus by an asymptomatic carrier.","volume":"7","author":"Hoegger P. H.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Hoegger P. H. Elsner P. Transmission of exfoliatin-producing Staphylococcus aureus by an asymptomatic carrier. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 7 1988 344","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.62.8.3396-3407.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0344-0338(11)80499-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000372-198512000-00011"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.mi.43.100189.002111"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_114_2","first-page":"1405","article-title":"Experimental studies on the mechanism of action of staphylococcal epidermolytic toxin A utilizing recombinant toxin.","volume":"100","author":"Inaoki M.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Inaoki M. Experimental studies on the mechanism of action of staphylococcal epidermolytic toxin A utilizing recombinant toxin. Nippon Hifuka Gakkai Zasshi 100 1990 1405 1414 (In Japanese.)","journal-title":"Nippon Hifuka Gakkai Zasshi"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_115_2","first-page":"424","article-title":"Picture of the month: staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome.","volume":"146","author":"Itani O.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Itani O. Crump R. Minoumi F. Tunnessen W. W. Picture of the month: staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome. Am. J. Dis. Child. 146 1992 424 425","journal-title":"Am. J. Dis. Child."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V89.1.32"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.166.2.574-580.1986"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/163.1.35"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_119_2","unstructured":"Jaulhac B. Piemont Y. Prevost G. Staphylococcal exfoliative toxins induce proteolytic activity when combined with epidermis Staphylococci and staphylococcal infections. Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium. Mollby R. Flock J. I. Nord C. E. Christensson B. 1994 280 282 Gustav Fischer Verlag Stuttgart Germany"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a008770"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.29.3.426-430.1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_122_2","first-page":"95","article-title":"Observation of exudative epidermitis.","volume":"56","author":"Jones L. D.","year":"1961","unstructured":"Jones L. D. Observation of exudative epidermitis. Vet. Med. 56 1961 95 103","journal-title":"Vet. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_123_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1997.tb08926.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_124_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.23.1.83-91.1986"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_125_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2524876"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_126_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.4.5.541-545.1971"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_127_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.6.5.877-879.1972"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_128_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1974.tb41497.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_129_2","unstructured":"Kapral F. A. Staphylococcus exfoliatin Microbiology\u20141975. Schlessinger D. 1975 263 266 American Society for Microbiology Washington D.C"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_130_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000247328"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_131_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81351-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_132_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.8.2.156-164.1973"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_133_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.10.4.851-861.1974"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_134_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.1.5.397-400.1975"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_135_2","unstructured":"Kondo I. Staphylococcal-exfoliatin A and B Saikin dokuso kenkyu. Kato I. 1976 82 95 Kyouritsu Press Tokyo Japan"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_136_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0344-0338(11)80501-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_137_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.145.5.1332","article-title":"Accessory cell-independent stimulation of human T cells by streptococcal M protein superantigen.","volume":"145","author":"Kotb M.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Kotb M. Majumdar G. Tomai M. Beachey E. H. Accessory cell-independent stimulation of human T cells by streptococcal M protein superantigen. J. Immunol. 145 1990 1332 1336","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_138_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.8.3.411"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_139_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1995.25"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_140_2","unstructured":"Ladhani S. Joannou C. Cameron J. Poston S. Garrett R. Robbie S. Evans R. W. The epidermolytic toxins in the staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome Proceedings of the Eighth European Conference on Bacterial Protein Toxins. 1998 81 82 Gustav Fischer Verlag Stuttgart Germany"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_141_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.78.1.85"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_142_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clind\/16.4.567"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_143_2","first-page":"204","article-title":"Effect of two different methods of umbilical cord care on its separation time.","volume":"95","author":"Lawrence C. R.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Lawrence C. R. Effect of two different methods of umbilical cord care on its separation time. Midwives Chron. Nursing Notes 95 1982 204 205","journal-title":"Midwives Chron. Nursing Notes"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_144_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/358255a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_145_2","first-page":"94","article-title":"Exudative epidermitis in pigs: etiological studies and pathology.","volume":"30","author":"L\u2019Ecuyer C.","year":"1966","unstructured":"L\u2019Ecuyer C. Jercho K. Exudative epidermitis in pigs: etiological studies and pathology. Can. J. Comp. Med. Vet. Sci. 30 1966 94 101","journal-title":"Can. J. Comp. Med. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_146_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.169.9.3904-3909.1987"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_147_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.40.12.1393"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_148_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116711"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_149_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01540888"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_150_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.181.2.747"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_151_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1988.tb03201.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_152_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1993.tb00477.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_153_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1974.tb06447.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_154_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.50.5.728"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_155_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/516129"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_156_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01793578"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_157_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(93)90112-V"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_158_2","first-page":"319","article-title":"Congenital staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome: report of a case.","volume":"10","author":"Loughead J. L.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Loughead J. L. Congenital staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome: report of a case. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 10 1992 319 321","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_159_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1967.01600340019005"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_160_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1956.tb12766.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_161_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1967.tb11434.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_162_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(69)92061-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_163_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1979.tb03571.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_164_2","first-page":"547","article-title":"Immunological investigations on pathogenesis of staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome.","volume":"43","author":"Machida K.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Machida K. Immunological investigations on pathogenesis of staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome. J. Clin. Pathol. 43 1995 547 556 (In Japanese.)","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_165_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1973.01620190044010"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_166_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2185544"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_167_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1972.tb15413.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_168_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1993.tb00257.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_169_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1985.tb10985.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_170_2","first-page":"25","article-title":"The continuing problem of \u201cHospital Staphylococci\u201d: why?","volume":"6","author":"Mehtar S.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Mehtar S. The continuing problem of \u201cHospital Staphylococci\u201d: why? J. Chemother. 6 (Suppl. 4) 1994 25 40","journal-title":"J. Chemother."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_171_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197005142822002"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_172_2","first-page":"129","article-title":"The staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome: isolation and partial characterisation of the exfoliative toxin.","volume":"125","author":"Melish M. E.","year":"1972","unstructured":"Melish M. E. Glasgow L. A. Turner M. D. The staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome: isolation and partial characterisation of the exfoliative toxin. Br. J. Dermatol. 125 1972 129 140","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_173_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1974.tb41501.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_174_2","unstructured":"Melish M. E. Chen F. S. Sprouse S. Stuckey M. Murata M. S. Epidermolytic toxin Staphylococcal infection: toxin levels and host response Staphylococci and staphylococcal infections. Jeljaszewicz J. 1981 287 298 Gustav Fischer Verlag Stuttgart Germany"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_175_2","first-page":"101","article-title":"Staphylococci, streptococci and the skin: review of impetigo and staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome.","volume":"1","author":"Melish M. E.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Melish M. E. Staphylococci, streptococci and the skin: review of impetigo and staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome. Semin. Dermatol. 1 1982 101 109","journal-title":"Semin. Dermatol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_176_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1470.1992.tb00620.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_177_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.50.6_Pt_1.791"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_178_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-198605000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_179_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.32.2.539-542.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_180_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345910700070501"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_181_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(84)90448-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_182_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.30.2.381-384.1980"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_183_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-9877(87)90145-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_184_2","unstructured":"Mortimer E. A. Wolinsky E. Rammelkamp C. H. The transmission of staphylococci by the hands of personnel Skin bacteria and their role in infection. Maibach H. I. Hildick-Smith G. 1965 46 61 McGraw-Hill Book Co. New York N.Y"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_185_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/smim.1993.1007"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_186_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(93)90063-U"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_187_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-198805000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_188_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.26.2.271-274.1988"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_189_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.64.1.371-374.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_190_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.42.9.935"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_191_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(86)70155-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_192_2","unstructured":"Noble W. C. The micrococci 1981 152 181 Lloyd-Luke London United Kingdom"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_193_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(82)90074-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_194_2","first-page":"860","article-title":"Diagnostik des Lyell syndroms: SSSS oder TEN?","volume":"133","author":"Ochsendorf F. R.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Ochsendorf F. R. Schofer H. Milbradt R. Diagnostik des Lyell syndroms: SSSS oder TEN? Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. 133 1988 860 863","journal-title":"Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_195_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.26.7.1283-1286.1988"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_196_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1470.1991.tb00306.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_197_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.169.9.3910-3915.1987"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_198_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1857971"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_199_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0969-2126(01)00212-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_200_2","first-page":"458","article-title":"Impetigo contagiosa: the association of certain types of Staphylococcus aureus and of Streptococcus pyogenes with superficial skin infections.","volume":"53","author":"Parker M. T.","year":"1955","unstructured":"Parker M. T. Tomlinson A. J. H. Williams R. E. O. Impetigo contagiosa: the association of certain types of Staphylococcus aureus and of Streptococcus pyogenes with superficial skin infections. J. Hyg. Camb. 53 1955 458 473","journal-title":"J. Hyg. Camb."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_201_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1961.tb08028.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_202_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1989.tb14518.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_203_2","first-page":"568","article-title":"Langerhan cell depletion by staphylococcal superantigens.","volume":"83","author":"Pickard S.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Pickard S. Shankar G. Burnham K. Langerhan cell depletion by staphylococcal superantigens. Immunology 83 1994 568 572","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_204_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0769-2609(83)80077-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_205_2","unstructured":"Piemont Y. Monteil H. Rapid detection and quantitation of exfoliative toxin in staphylococcal cultures by electrosyneresis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay The staphylococci Jeljaszewicz J. 1985 271 272 Gustav Fischer Verlag Stuttgart Germany"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_206_2","first-page":"263","article-title":"Les exfoliatines de Staphylococcus aureus.","volume":"86","author":"Piemont Y.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Piemont Y. Rifai S. Monteil H. Les exfoliatines de Staphylococcus aureus. Bull. Inst. Pasteur 86 1988 263 296","journal-title":"Bull. Inst. Pasteur"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_207_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1995.00430110089009"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_208_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1972.03190380055020"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_209_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.17.1.18"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_210_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00213a001"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_211_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.59.9.3337-3339.1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_212_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1975.01630170116028"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_213_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1995.01690180106021"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_214_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02471909"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_215_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1991.tb04738.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_216_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1987.01660330071012"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_217_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.27.3.504-506.1989"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_218_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1977.tb06146.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_219_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.10.6.1260-1265.1974"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_220_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.25.2.327-332.1987"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_221_2","first-page":"1135","article-title":"Treatment of staphylococcal toxic epidermal necrolysis.","volume":"111","author":"Rudolph R. I.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Rudolph R. I. Schwartz W. Leyden J. J. Treatment of staphylococcal toxic epidermal necrolysis. Arch. Dermatol. 111 1974 1135 1139","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_222_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196308152690702"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_223_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800050937"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_224_2","first-page":"85","article-title":"A possible receptor substance for staphylococcal exfoliatin isolated from mice.","volume":"32","author":"Sakurai S.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Sakurai S. Kondo I. A possible receptor substance for staphylococcal exfoliatin isolated from mice. Jpn. J. Med. Sci. Biol. 32 1979 85 88","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Med. Sci. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_225_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1987.tb02300.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_226_2","unstructured":"Sakurai S. Suzuki H. Youhizawa Y. Mochizuki S. Kondo I. Studies on toxicity and immunogenicity of staphylococcal exfoliative toxin Staphylococci and staphylococcal infections. Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium. Mollby R. Flock J. I. Nord C. E. Christensson B. 1994 283 285 Gustav Fischer Verlag Stuttgart Germany"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_227_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1995.tb02216.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_228_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-6138(88)80004-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_229_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12317503"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_230_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1967.tb11435.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_231_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000251125"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_232_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5909.57-b"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_233_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1135(91)90153-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_234_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.62.9.3780-3785.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_235_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1995.tb07336.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_236_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(87)90423-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_237_2","first-page":"123","article-title":"Toxic epidermal necrolysis.","volume":"59","author":"Schwartz R. A.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Schwartz R. A. Toxic epidermal necrolysis. CUTIS 59 1997 123 128","journal-title":"CUTIS"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_238_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(74)92268-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_239_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.27.9.2050-2053.1989"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_240_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0195-6701(84)90116-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_241_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1984.tb09961.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_242_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3101(22)00473-X","article-title":"Staphylococcal infection in nurseries","volume":"10","author":"Shaffer T. E.","year":"1958","unstructured":"Shaffer T. E. Baldwin J. N. Wheeler W. E. Staphylococcal infection in nurseries Advances in pediatrics Levine S. Z. 10 1958 243 281 Year Book Chicago, Ill","journal-title":"Advances in pediatrics"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_243_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198012183032502"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_244_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004630-199501000-00012"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_245_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5169.315"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_246_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1995.01690190083016"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_247_2","first-page":"453","article-title":"A comparison of umbilical cord treatment in the control of superficial infection.","volume":"101","author":"Smales O.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Smales O. A comparison of umbilical cord treatment in the control of superficial infection. N. Z. Med. J. 101 1988 453 455","journal-title":"N. Z. Med. J."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_248_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(86)80107-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_249_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01695138"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_250_2","first-page":"341","article-title":"Epidermolytic toxin binds to components in the epidermis of a resistant species.","volume":"49","author":"Smith T. P.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Smith T. P. John D. A. Bailey C. J. Epidermolytic toxin binds to components in the epidermis of a resistant species. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 49 1989 341 349","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_251_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(90)90256-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_252_2","first-page":"155","article-title":"Experience in using extracorporeal detoxication in the intensive therapy of autoimmune pathology.","volume":"9","author":"Starikov A. V.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Starikov A. V. Experience in using extracorporeal detoxication in the intensive therapy of autoimmune pathology. Likars\u2019ka Sprava 9\u201312 1995 155 157 (In Russian.)","journal-title":"Likars\u2019ka Sprava"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_253_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0195-6701(92)90077-Y"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_254_2","unstructured":"Stephen J. Pietrowski R. A. Bacterial toxins 1986 8 10 American Society for Microbiology Washington D.C"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_255_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1927.02680510015006"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_256_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198907063210101"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_257_2","first-page":"785","article-title":"The influence of enzymatic cleavage and chemical modification of human and rabbit IgG on their reactivity with staphylococcal protein A.","volume":"35","author":"Stewart G. A.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Stewart G. A. Varro R. Stanworth D. R. The influence of enzymatic cleavage and chemical modification of human and rabbit IgG on their reactivity with staphylococcal protein A. Immunology 35 1978 785 791","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_258_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/cimm.1995.9975"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_259_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12371753"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_260_2","unstructured":"Streilein J. W. Skin associated lymphoid tissue Immune mechanisms in cutaneous disease. Norris D. A. 1989 73 94 Marcel Dekker Inc. New York N.Y"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_261_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.61.4.1438-1443.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_262_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/359801a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_263_2","unstructured":"Tait S. C. The hydrolysis of lipids and esters by Staphylococcus aureus. D.Phil. thesis. 1973 Paisley College of Technology Paisley United Kingdom"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_264_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/156.3.508"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_265_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.61.7.2973-2977.1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_266_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.63.4.1591-1594.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_267_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-4453(89)91094-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_268_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.me.36.020185.002005"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_269_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12494184"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_270_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12371727"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_271_2","first-page":"1421","article-title":"A case of TSS complicated with SSSS in an adult with liver cirrhosis.","volume":"68","author":"Toyota E.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Toyota E. Mitake H. Mikame Y. Shichi I. Morita S. Morishita T. Kasahara M. Kobayashi Y. A case of TSS complicated with SSSS in an adult with liver cirrhosis. J. Jpn. Assoc. Infect. Dis. 68 1994 1421 1427 (In Japanese.)","journal-title":"J. Jpn. Assoc. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_272_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi962614f"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_273_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3083.1996.d01-309.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_274_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.68.5_Spec_No.594"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_275_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.159.6.1784"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_276_2","unstructured":"Voller A. Bidwell D. Bartlett A. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay Manual of clinical immunology. Rose N. R. Friedman H. 1980 359 371 American Society for Microbiology Washington D.C"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_277_2","first-page":"3","article-title":"Die exfoliative dermatitis jungener senglinge.","volume":"2","author":"Von Rittershain G. R.","year":"1878","unstructured":"Von Rittershain G. R. Die exfoliative dermatitis jungener senglinge. Z. Kinderheilkd. 2 1878 3 23","journal-title":"Z. Kinderheilkd."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_278_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0195-6701(92)90032-H"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_279_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.9.4.636-640.1974"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_280_2","unstructured":"Wiley B. B. Rogolsky M. S. Phospholipase activity associated with electrfocused Staphylococcal exfoliative toxin The staphylococci. Jeljaszewicz J. 1985 295 300 Gustav Fischer Verlag Stuttgart Germany"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_281_2","first-page":"3769","article-title":"L\u2019exfoliatine dans les staphylococcies neonatales.","volume":"11","author":"Willard D.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Willard D. Monteil H. Piemont Y. Assi R. Messer J. Lavillaureix J. Minck R. Gauder R. L\u2019exfoliatine dans les staphylococcies neonatales. Nouv. Presse Med. 11 1982 3769 3771","journal-title":"Nouv. Presse Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_282_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/343771a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_283_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01990874"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_284_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolinsky E. P. J. Lipsitz E. A. Mortimer and C. H. Rammelkamp. Acquisition of staphylococci in newborns: direct versus indirect transmission. Lancet ii: 620\u2013622.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(60)91693-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_285_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-3076-3_8"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_286_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1993.tb12536.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_287_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12598130"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_288_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12664548"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_289_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01957163"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_290_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00373426"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_291_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(78)90307-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_292_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780390613"}],"container-title":["Clinical Microbiology Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/CMR.12.2.224","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/CMR.12.2.224","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T20:52:09Z","timestamp":1775249529000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/CMR.12.2.224"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,4]]},"references-count":291,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/CMR.12.2.224"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/cmr.12.2.224","relation":{},"ISSN":["0893-8512","1098-6618"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0893-8512","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-6618","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1999-04-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}