{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T01:33:41Z","timestamp":1792373621386,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":157,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,4,1]],"date-time":"2001-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":986083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Microbiol Rev"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>Leishmaniae are obligatory intracellular protozoa in mononuclear phagocytes. They cause a spectrum of diseases, ranging in severity from spontaneously healing skin lesions to fatal visceral disease. Worldwide, there are 2 million new cases each year and 1\/10 of the world's population is at risk of infection. To date, there are no vaccines against leishmaniasis and control measures rely on chemotherapy to alleviate disease and on vector control to reduce transmission. However, a major vaccine development program aimed initially at cutaneous leishmaniasis is under way. Studies in animal models and humans are evaluating the potential of genetically modified live attenuated vaccines, as well as a variety of recombinant antigens or the DNA encoding them. The program also focuses on new adjuvants, including cytokines, and delivery systems to target the T helper type 1 immune responses required for the elimination of this intracellular organism. The availability, in the near future, of the DNA sequences of the human and Leishmania genomes will extend the vaccine program. New vaccine candidates such as parasite virulence factors will be identified. Host susceptibility genes will be mapped to allow the vaccine to be targeted to the population most in need of protection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.14.2.229-243.2001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T09:55:30Z","timestamp":1027763730000},"page":"229-243","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":404,"title":["Leishmaniasis: Current Status of Vaccine Development"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Emanuela","family":"Handman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Infection and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville 3050, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/13500872-141-7-1585"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.3.1328-1336.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.6.2371-2377.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.161.2.868","article-title":"Human dendritic cell (DC)-based anti-infective therapy: engineering DCs to secrete functional IFN-gamma and IL-12.","volume":"161","author":"Ahuja S. S.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ahuja S. S. Mummidi S. Malech H. L. Ahuja S. K. Human dendritic cell (DC)-based anti-infective therapy: engineering DCs to secrete functional IFN-gamma and IL-12. J. Immunol. 161 1998 868 876","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3890","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.163.7.3890","article-title":"Dendritic cell (DC)-based anti-infective strategies: DCs engineered to secrete IL-12 are a potent vaccine in a murine model of an intracellular infection.","volume":"163","author":"Ahuja S. S.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ahuja S. S. Reddick R. L. Sato N. Montalbo E. Kostecki V. Zhao W. Dolan M. J. Melby P. C. Ahuja S. K. Dendritic cell (DC)-based anti-infective strategies: DCs engineered to secrete IL-12 are a potent vaccine in a murine model of an intracellular infection. J. Immunol. 163 1999 3890 3897","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","first-page":"344","article-title":"DNA vaccines: technology and application as anti-parasite and anti-microbial agents.","volume":"42","author":"Alarcon J. B.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Alarcon J. B. Waine G. W. McManus D. P. DNA vaccines: technology and application as anti-parasite and anti-microbial agents. Adv. Parasitol. 42 1999 344 410","journal-title":"Adv. Parasitol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(82)90232-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6794","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.161.12.6794","article-title":"Leishmania mexicana cysteine proteinase-deficient mutants have attenuated virulence for mice and potentiate a Th1 response.","volume":"161","author":"Alexander J.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Alexander J. Coombs G. H. Mottram J. C. Leishmania mexicana cysteine proteinase-deficient mutants have attenuated virulence for mice and potentiate a Th1 response. J. Immunol. 161 1998 6794 6801","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199102000-00011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(94)90270-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/515265"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)91725-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/32588"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1944.01510160006003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-2478(94)00161-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/1357-4310(96)88773-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000076678"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(97)90187-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.187.9.1361"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/250353a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0923-2494(89)90041-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","unstructured":"Bretscher P. A. O. Ogunremi and J. N. Menon. 1997. Distinct immunological states in murine cutaneous leishmaniasis by immunising with different amounts of antigen: the generation of beneficial potentially harmful harmful and potentially extremely harmful states. Behring Inst. Mitt. 153\u2013159."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3024.2000.00278.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.182.5.1423"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.1989.tb00660.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410X(94)90342-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.56.12.3272-3279.1988"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1995.11813013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.mi.44.100190.002435"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1998.4311"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8146660"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.182.5.1591"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","unstructured":"Cox J. C. Culter A. R. Advances in adjuvant technology and application Animal parasite control utilizing biotechnology. Yong W. K. 1992 49 112 CRC Press Inc Boca Raton Fla"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(96)00183-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35004075"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1759(99)00085-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(98)00338-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.15.1.617"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5699(99)01549-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/12.4.527"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0897-383"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410X(95)00245-V"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","first-page":"259","article-title":"The present and future of vaccination for cutaneous leishmaniasis.","volume":"47","author":"Greenblatt C. L.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Greenblatt C. L. The present and future of vaccination for cutaneous leishmaniasis. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 47 1980 259 285","journal-title":"Prog. Clin. Biol. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0923-2494(89)90031-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.186.7.1137"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(00)00118-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(83)90039-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.82.17.5910"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.63.11.4261-4267.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1759(99)00104-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.16.7011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","unstructured":"Hewlett E. L. Cherry J. D. New and improved vaccines against pertussis New generation vaccines. Woodrow C. C. Levine M. M. 1990 231 250 Marcel Dekker Inc New York N.Y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1995.11813015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(79)90468-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2206","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.129.5.2206","article-title":"Prophylactic immunization against experimental leishmaniasis. I. Protection induced in mice genetically vulnerable to fatal Leishmania tropica infection.","volume":"129","author":"Howard J. G.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Howard J. G. Nicklin S. Hale C. Liew F. Y. Prophylactic immunization against experimental leishmaniasis. I. Protection induced in mice genetically vulnerable to fatal Leishmania tropica infection. J. Immunol. 129 1982 2206 2212","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.132.1.450","article-title":"Prophylactic immunization against experimental leishmaniasis. III. Further characterization of the protective immunity against fatal Leishmania tropica infection induced by irradiated promastigotes.","volume":"132","author":"Howard J. G.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Howard J. G. Liew F. Y. Hale C. Nicklin S. Prophylactic immunization against experimental leishmaniasis. III. Further characterization of the protective immunity against fatal Leishmania tropica infection induced by irradiated promastigotes. J. Immunol. 132 1984 450 455","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.9.3777"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(97)90188-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(90)90186-P"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.172.2.645"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.172.2.645"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.274.5286.421"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1995.11813016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60047-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","first-page":"701","article-title":"Changes in virulence of strains of Leishmania tropica major.","volume":"6","author":"Kellina O. I.","year":"1965","unstructured":"Kellina O. I. Changes in virulence of strains of Leishmania tropica major. Med. Parasitol. 6 1965 701 708","journal-title":"Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","first-page":"306","article-title":"Problems and current lines in investigations on the epidemiology of leishmaniasis and its control in the USSR.","volume":"74","author":"Kellina O. I.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Kellina O. I. Problems and current lines in investigations on the epidemiology of leishmaniasis and its control in the USSR. Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. 74 1981 306 318","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(95)80004-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1711.1998.00757.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4481","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.163.8.4481","article-title":"Protective immunity using recombinant human IL-12 and alum as adjuvants in a primate model of cutaneous leishmaniasis.","volume":"163","author":"Kenney R. T.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kenney R. T. Sacks D. L. Sypek J. P. Vilela L. Gam A. A. Evans-Davis K. Protective immunity using recombinant human IL-12 and alum as adjuvants in a primate model of cutaneous leishmaniasis. J. Immunol. 163 1999 4481 4488","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830140209"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0198-8859(91)90081-J"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","first-page":"441","article-title":"Immune responses in vaccinated dogs with autoclaved Leishmania major promastigotes.","volume":"30","author":"Lasri S.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lasri S. Sahibi H. Sadak A. Jaffe C. L. Rhalem A. Immune responses in vaccinated dogs with autoclaved Leishmania major promastigotes. Vet. Res. 30 1999 441 449","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4537","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.157.10.4537","article-title":"The outcome of the parasitic process initiated by Leishmania infantum in laboratory mice: a tissue-dependent pattern controlled by the Lsh and MHC loci.","volume":"157","author":"Leclercq V.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Leclercq V. Lebastard M. Belkaid Y. Louis J. Milon G. The outcome of the parasitic process initiated by Leishmania infantum in laboratory mice: a tissue-dependent pattern controlled by the Lsh and MHC loci. J. Immunol. 157 1996 4537 4545","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4306","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.145.12.4306","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 synergizes with IFN-\u03b3 mediating killing of Leishmania major through the induction of nitric oxide.","volume":"145","author":"Liew F. Y.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Liew F. Y. Li Y. Millott S. Tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 synergizes with IFN-\u03b3 mediating killing of Leishmania major through the induction of nitric oxide. J. Immunol. 145 1990 4306 4310","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.21.8393"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/314519"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761998000200014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/smim.1998.0143"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_2","first-page":"393","article-title":"Leishmania enriettii immune induction of macrophage activation in an experimental model of immunoprophylaxis in the mouse.","volume":"148","author":"Mauel J.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Mauel J. Behin R. Louis M. Leishmania enriettii immune induction of macrophage activation in an experimental model of immunoprophylaxis in the mouse. Exp. Parasitol. 148 1981 393 407","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(79)90159-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mayrink W. C. M. Antunes C. A. Da Costa M. N. Melo M. Dias M. S. Michalick P. A. Magalhaes A. De Oliveira Lima and P. Williams. 1986. Further trials of a vaccine against American cutaneous leishmaniasis. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. p80.","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(86)90296-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46651990000100012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761996000600006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.84.24.8941"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)78567-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(92)90252-F"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.61.8.3351-3359.1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.1.171-178.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1991.tb05663.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1995.53.195"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.147.6.1759","article-title":"Stimulation of in vitro murine lymphocyte proliferation by bacterial DNA.","volume":"147","author":"Messina J. P.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Messina J. P. Gilkeson G. S. Pisetsky D. S. Stimulation of in vitro murine lymphocyte proliferation by bacterial DNA. J. Immunol. 147 1991 1759 1764","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02786482"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.1986.tb01037.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1995.11813017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(98)00220-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35009119"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2715","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.149.8.2715","article-title":"Changes in the precursor frequencies of IL-4 and IFN-\u03b3 secreting CD4+ cells correlate with resolution of lesions in murine cutaneous leishmaniasis.","volume":"149","author":"Morris L.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Morris L. Troutt A. B. Handman E. Kelso A. Changes in the precursor frequencies of IL-4 and IFN-\u03b3 secreting CD4+ cells correlate with resolution of lesions in murine cutaneous leishmaniasis. J. Immunol. 149 1992 2715 2721","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.61.8.3459-3465.1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-230X(08)60864-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7725103"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5506","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.160.11.5506","article-title":"Control of Leishmania major infection in mice lacking TNF receptors.","volume":"160","author":"Nashleanas M.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Nashleanas M. Kanaly S. Scott P. Control of Leishmania major infection in mice lacking TNF receptors. J. Immunol. 160 1998 5506 5513","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_103_2","first-page":"121","article-title":"Cultures des corps de Leishman isoles de la rate dans trois cas d'anemic sptenique infantile.","volume":"1","author":"Nicolle C. H.","year":"1908","unstructured":"Nicolle C. H. Cultures des corps de Leishman isoles de la rate dans trois cas d'anemic sptenique infantile. Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. 1 1908 121","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(95)00788-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(99)01473-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1995.11813018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(97)00308-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/1074-7613(95)90085-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_109_2","first-page":"141","article-title":"Enseaio sobre vacinacao preventiva na leishmaniose tegumentar americana com germenes mortos.","volume":"6","author":"Pessoa S. B.","year":"1941","unstructured":"Pessoa S. B. Pestana B. R. Enseaio sobre vacinacao preventiva na leishmaniose tegumentar americana com germenes mortos. Arq. Hig. Saude Publ. 6 1941 141 147","journal-title":"Arq. Hig. Saude Publ."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_110_2","first-page":"106","article-title":"Segunda nota sobre a vacinacao preventiva na leishmaniose tegumentar americana com leptomones mortas.","volume":"19","author":"Pessoa S. B.","year":"1941","unstructured":"Pessoa S. B. Segunda nota sobre a vacinacao preventiva na leishmaniose tegumentar americana com leptomones mortas. Rev. Paul. Med. 19 1941 106","journal-title":"Rev. Paul. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830200534"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830250619"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_113_2","first-page":"126","article-title":"Experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis. V. Protective immunity in subclinical and selfhealing infection in the mouse.","volume":"23","author":"Preston P. M.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Preston P. M. Dumonde D. C. Experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis. V. Protective immunity in subclinical and selfhealing infection in the mouse. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 23 1976 126 138","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.1993.tb00587.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3024.1999.00244.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.321.7264.801"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.140.4.1274","article-title":"Effective immunization against cutaneous leishmaniasis with defined membrane antigens reconstituted into liposomes.","volume":"140","author":"Russell D. G.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Russell D. G. Alexander J. Effective immunization against cutaneous leishmaniasis with defined membrane antigens reconstituted into liposomes. J. Immunol. 140 1988 1274 1279","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3575","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.147.10.3575","article-title":"Human T cell responses to gp63, a surface antigen of Leishmania.","volume":"147","author":"Russo D. M.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Russo D. M. Burns J. M. J. Carvalho E. M. Armitage R. J. Grabstein K. H. Button L. L. McMaster W. R. Reed S. G. Human T cell responses to gp63, a surface antigen of Leishmania. J. Immunol. 147 1991 3575 3580","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.150.3.932","article-title":"Mapping human T cell epitopes in Leishmania gp63.","volume":"150","author":"Russo D. M.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Russo D. M. Jardim A. Carvalho E. M. Sleath P. R. Armitage R. J. Olafson R. W. Reed S. G. Mapping human T cell epitopes in Leishmania gp63. J. Immunol. 150 1993 932 939","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.138.3.908","article-title":"An analysis of T cell responsiveness in Indian kala-azar.","volume":"138","author":"Sacks D. L.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Sacks D. L. Lal S. L. Shrivastava S. N. Blackwell J. Neva F. A. An analysis of T cell responsiveness in Indian kala-azar. J. Immunol. 138 1987 908 913","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(00)00120-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_122_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/smim.1997.0084"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_123_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199907223410410"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_124_2","first-page":"303","article-title":"Effect of leishmanial vaccinations on the dynamics of immunity to diphteria in conditions of secondary revaccination with adsorbed pertussis-diphteria-tetanus vaccine.","volume":"41","author":"Serebryakov V. A.","year":"1972","unstructured":"Serebryakov V. A. Karakhodznaeva S. K. H. Dzhumaev M. D. Effect of leishmanial vaccinations on the dynamics of immunity to diphteria in conditions of secondary revaccination with adsorbed pertussis-diphteria-tetanus vaccine. Med. Parasit. Mosk. 41 1972 303 309","journal-title":"Med. Parasit. Mosk."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_125_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)09552-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_126_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.9.4790"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_127_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(98)00075-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_128_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3949","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.160.8.3949","article-title":"Induction of a Th1 immune response and simultaneous lack of activation of a Th2 response is required for generation of immunity to leishmaniasis.","volume":"160","author":"Sj\u00f6lander A.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sj\u00f6lander A. Baldwin T. M. Curtis J. M. Handman E. Induction of a Th1 immune response and simultaneous lack of activation of a Th2 response is required for generation of immunity to leishmaniasis. J. Immunol. 160 1998 3949 3957","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_129_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6171","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.161.11.6171","article-title":"LeIF: a recombinant Leishmania protein that induces an IL-12-mediated Th1 cytokine profile.","volume":"161","author":"Skeiky Y. A.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Skeiky Y. A. Kennedy M. Kaufman D. Borges M. M. Guderian J. A. Scholler J. K. Ovendale P. J. Picha K. S. Morrissey P. J. Grabstein K. H. Campos-Neto A. Reed S. G. LeIF: a recombinant Leishmania protein that induces an IL-12-mediated Th1 cytokine profile. J. Immunol. 161 1998 6171 6179","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_130_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2776(08)60912-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_131_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.63.9.3559-3566.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_132_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(98)00363-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_133_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2116","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.157.5.2116","article-title":"Macrophages ingest and are activated by bacterial DNA.","volume":"157","author":"Stacey K. J.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Stacey K. J. Sweet M. J. Hume D. A. Macrophages ingest and are activated by bacterial DNA. J. Immunol. 157 1996 2116 2122","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_134_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.8.3719-3726.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_135_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1999.4459"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_136_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/clin.1997.4500"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_137_2","unstructured":"Sukkar F. Leishmaniasis in the Middle East Leishmaniasis. Chang K.-P. Bray R. S. 1985 394 411 Elsevier Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_138_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/172.6.1627"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_139_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/171.4.992"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_140_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(94)90312-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_141_2","unstructured":"Reference deleted."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_142_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.22.10267"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_143_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02110334"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_144_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(96)80042-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_145_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761999000400011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_146_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/1380-2933(96)00043-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_147_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.1998.9.13-1899"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_148_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.12.6970"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_149_2","first-page":"31","article-title":"The role of the major histocompatibility complex in resistance to parasite infections.","volume":"10","author":"Wassom D. L.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Wassom D. L. Kelly E. A. The role of the major histocompatibility complex in resistance to parasite infections. Crit. Rev. Immunol. 10 1990 31 52","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_150_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"AIDS, leishmaniasis dangers of clash highlighted.","volume":"36","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1991","unstructured":"World Health Organization AIDS, leishmaniasis dangers of clash highlighted. TDR News 36 1991 1, 11.","journal-title":"TDR News"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_151_2","first-page":"2","article-title":"Advances in the battle against leishmaniasis.","volume":"57","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1998","unstructured":"World Health Organization Advances in the battle against leishmaniasis. TDR News 57 1998 2","journal-title":"TDR News"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_152_2","first-page":"219","article-title":"Exacerbation of dimorphous leprosy apparently due to BCG vaccination.","volume":"42","author":"Wright F. J.","year":"1971","unstructured":"Wright F. J. Exacerbation of dimorphous leprosy apparently due to BCG vaccination. Lepr. Rev. 42 1971 219 221","journal-title":"Lepr. Rev."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_153_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Protection against Leishmania major infection in genetically susceptible BALB\/c mice by GP63 delivered orally in attenuated Salmonella typhimurium (AroA\u2212AroD\u2212).","volume":"85","author":"Xu D.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Xu D. McSorley S. J. Chatfield S. N. Dougan G. Liew F. Y. Protection against Leishmania major infection in genetically susceptible BALB\/c mice by GP63 delivered orally in attenuated Salmonella typhimurium (AroA\u2212AroD\u2212). Immunology 85 1995 1 7","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_154_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.160.3.1285","article-title":"Protective effect on Leishmania major infection of migration inhibitory factor, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma administered orally via attenuated Salmonella typhimurium.","volume":"160","author":"Xu D.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Xu D. McSorley S. J. Tetley L. Chatfield S. Dougan G. Chan W. L. Satoskar A. David J. R. Liew F. Y. Protective effect on Leishmania major infection of migration inhibitory factor, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma administered orally via attenuated Salmonella typhimurium. J. Immunol. 160 1998 1285 1289","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_155_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.1988.tb00049.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_156_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2281","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.145.7.2281","article-title":"Oral Salmonella typhimurium (AroA\u2212) vaccine expressing a major leishmanial surface protein (gp63) preferentially induces T helper 1 cells and protective immunity against leishmaniasis.","volume":"145","author":"Yang D. M.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Yang D. M. Fairweather N. Button L. L. McMaster W. R. Kahl L. P. Liew F. Y. Oral Salmonella typhimurium (AroA\u2212) vaccine expressing a major leishmanial surface protein (gp63) preferentially induces T helper 1 cells and protective immunity against leishmaniasis. J. Immunol. 145 1990 2281 2285","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_157_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(99)00346-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_158_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3627","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.160.8.3627","article-title":"CpG oligodeoxynucleotides trigger protective and curative Th1 responses in lethal murine leishmaniasis.","volume":"160","author":"Zimmermann S.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Zimmermann S. Egeter O. Hausmann S. Lipford G. B. Rocken M. Wagner H. Heeg K. CpG oligodeoxynucleotides trigger protective and curative Th1 responses in lethal murine leishmaniasis. J. Immunol. 160 1998 3627 3630","journal-title":"J. Immunol."}],"container-title":["Clinical Microbiology Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/CMR.14.2.229-243.2001","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/CMR.14.2.229-243.2001","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,23]],"date-time":"2023-04-23T14:48:14Z","timestamp":1682261294000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/CMR.14.2.229-243.2001"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,4]]},"references-count":157,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/CMR.14.2.229-243.2001"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/cmr.14.2.229-243.2001","relation":{},"ISSN":["0893-8512","1098-6618"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0893-8512","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-6618","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2001-04-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}