{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T11:20:43Z","timestamp":1793186443676,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,1]],"date-time":"2003-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1049155200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Microbiol Rev"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Toxocariasis is caused by a series of related nematode species (ascarids) that routinely infect dogs and cats throughout the world. The eggs from these ascarids are common environmental contaminants of human habitation, due largely to the fact that many kinds of dogs and cats serve as pets, while countless others run wild throughout the streets of most urban centers. The eggs, present in dog and cat feces, become infectious within weeks after they are deposited in the local environment (e.g., sandboxes, city parks, and public beaches, etc.). Humans, particularly children, frequently ingest these eggs by accident and become infected. Infection in humans, in contrast to their definitive hosts, remains occult, often resulting in disease caused by the migrating larval stages. Visceral larva migrans (VLM) and ocular larva migrans (OLM) are two clinical manifestations that result in definable syndromes and present as serious health problems wherever they occur. Diagnosis and treatment of VLM and OLM are difficult. These issues are summarized in this review, with emphasis on the ecology of transmission and control of spread to both humans and animals through public health initiatives employing treatment of pets and environmental intervention strategies that limit the areas that dogs and cats are allowed within the confines of urban centers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.16.2.265-272.2003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,11]],"date-time":"2003-04-11T16:08:57Z","timestamp":1050077337000},"page":"265-272","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":692,"title":["Toxocariasis: Clinical Aspects, Epidemiology, Medical Ecology, and Molecular Aspects"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Dickson","family":"Despommier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Department of Microbiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-199809000-00019"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.1987.tb00494.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00008513"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.9.1.7"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","first-page":"129","volume":"33","year":"1999","unstructured":"Beer, S. A., G. I. Novosil\u00edtsev, and L. I. Mel\u00ednikova. 1999. The role of the water factor in the dissemination of Toxocara eggs and the spread of toxocariasis in a megalopolis. Parasitology33:129-135.","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117332"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","first-page":"86","volume":"55","year":"2000","unstructured":"Castillo, D., C. Paredes, and C. Zanartu. 2000. Environmental contamination with Toxocara spp. eggs in public squares and parks from Santiago, Chile, 1999. Bol. Chil. Parasitol.55:86-91.","journal-title":"Bol. Chil. Parasitol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","first-page":"201","volume":"282","year":"1998","unstructured":"C. elegans Genome Consortium. 1998. Genome sequence of Caenorhabditis elegans: a platform for investigating biology. Science282:201-208.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/JOH200028"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1982.tb06197.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Darwin C. 1881. On the formation of vegetable mould through the action of worms with Observations on their habits. John Murray London England.","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.107559"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.2.989-993.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1988.108"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(01)00137-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000063952"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elton C. S. 1958. The ecology of invasions by plants and animals. University of Chicago Press Chicago Ill.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-7214-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","first-page":"210","volume":"94","year":"2000","unstructured":"Falcone, F. H., K. K. Tetteh, and P. Hunt. 2000. The new subfamily of cathepsin-z-like protease genes includes Tc-cpz-1, a cysteine protease gene expressed in Toxocara canis adults and infective stage larvae. Exp. Parasitol.94:210-217.","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010853124085"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2001)087[0660:TMNSNA]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","first-page":"143","volume":"10","year":"1982","unstructured":"Glickman, L. I., and P. M. Schantz. 1982. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of zoonotic toxocariasis. Epidemiol. Rev.10:143-148.","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Rev."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-200110000-00020"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","unstructured":"Hotez P. J. 1995. Toxocara canis p. 683-684. In F. D. Burg E. R. Wald J. R. Ingelfinger and P. A. Polin (ed.) Gellis and Kagan\u00eds current pediatric therapy 15th ed. W. B. Saunders Pubs. Philadelphia Pa."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","first-page":"230","volume":"210","year":"2000","unstructured":"Humbert, P., M. Niezborala, and R. Salembier. 2000. Skin manifestations associated with toxocariasis: a case-control study. Dermatology210:230-234.","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1992.46.278"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","first-page":"227","volume":"6","year":"1991","unstructured":"Kazacos, K. R. 1991. Visceral and ocular larva migrans. Semin. Vet. Med. Surg. (Small Anim.)6:227-235.","journal-title":"Semin. Vet. Med. Surg. (Small Anim.)"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","first-page":"909","volume":"20","year":"1996","unstructured":"Konate, A., O. Duhamel, and D. Basset. 1996. Toxocariasis and functional intestinal disorders. Presentation of 4 cases. Gastroenterol. Clin. Biol.20:909-911.","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Clin. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3024.2001.00387.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","first-page":"554","volume":"67","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kuziemski, K., E. Jassem, and E. Mierzejewska. 1999. Lung manifestation of visceral larva migration syndrome due to Toxocara canis infection. Pneumonol. Alergol. Pol.67:554-557.","journal-title":"Pneumonol. Alergol. Pol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","first-page":"242","volume":"13","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lopez-Velez, R., M. Suarez de Figueroa, and L. Gimeno. 1995. Ocular toxocariasis or retinoblastoma? Enferm. Infec. Microbiol. Clin.13:242-245.","journal-title":"Enferm. Infec. Microbiol. Clin."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M005632200"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_32_2","first-page":"529","volume":"41","year":"1999","unstructured":"Macchioni, G. 1999. A new species. Toxocara lyncis, in the caracal (Lynx caracal). Parasitology41:529-532.","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2001.39.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182097001558"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(00)00022-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(98)70455-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.77.5.554"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1079\/JOH200170","volume":"75","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mizgajska, H. 2001. Eggs of Toxocara spp. in the environment and their public health implications. J. Helminthol.75:147-151.","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006982-200002000-00022"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.1992.tb10365.x","volume":"46","year":"1992","unstructured":"Nathwani, D., R. B. Laing, and P. F. Currie. 1992. Covert toxocariasis as a cause of recurrent abdominal pain in childhood. Br. J. Clin. Pract.46:271.","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3024.1998.00146.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004360000352"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_43_2","first-page":"72","volume":"107","year":"2000","unstructured":"Oge, S., and H. Oge. 2000. Prevalence of Toxocara spp. eggs in the soil of public parks in Ankara, Turkey. Dtsch. Tier Wochenschr.107:72-75.","journal-title":"Dtsch. Tier Wochenschr."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_44_2","first-page":"365","volume":"28","year":"1998","unstructured":"Oteifa, N. M., M. A. Moustafa, and B. M. Elgozamy. 1998. Toxocariasis as a possible cause of allergic diseases in children. J. Egypt Soc. Parasitol.28:365-372.","journal-title":"J. Egypt Soc. Parasitol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(92)90123-R"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_46_2","first-page":"226","volume":"94","year":"2001","unstructured":"Prunier, F., S. Delpine, and J. Victor. 2001. Loffler\u00eds fibroblastic endocarditis. A report of a case complicating toxocariasis. Arch. Maladies Cour Vaisseau94:226-230.","journal-title":"Arch. Maladies Cour Vaisseau"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_47_2","first-page":"109","volume":"40","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rayes, A. A., and J. R. Lambertucci. 2001. Human toxocariasis as a possible cause of eosinophilic arthritis. Rheumatology40:109-110.","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2001.03471.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1079\/JOH200164","volume":"75","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ruiz de Ybanez, M. R., M. M. Garijo, and F. D. Alonso. 2001. Prevalence and viability of eggs of Toxocara spp. and Toxascaris leonia in public parks in eastern Spain. J. Helminthol.75:169-173.","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X00000512"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00055735-200112000-00010"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1979.28.24"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1989.41.21"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_54_2","first-page":"E111","volume":"32","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sharghi, N., P. Schantz, and P. J. Hotez. 2001. Toxocariasis: an occult cause of childhood asthma, seizures, and neuropsychological deficit? Semin. Pediatr. Infect. Dis.32:E111-E116.","journal-title":"Semin. Pediatr. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_55_2","first-page":"297","volume":"19","year":"1999","unstructured":"Shetty, A. K., and D. H. Aviles. 1999. Nephrotic syndrome associated with Toxocara canis infection. Ann. Pediatr.19:297-300.","journal-title":"Ann. Pediatr."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)73253-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1989.11812374"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_58_2","first-page":"692","year":"1988","unstructured":"Taylor, M. R., C. T. Keane, and P. O'Connor. 1988. The expanded spectrum of toxocaral disease. Lanceti:692-694.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_59_2","unstructured":"Pediatr. Pulmonol. Suppl. 1997 16"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_60_2","unstructured":"Reference deleted."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s003470050302"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1995.52.21"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_63_2","first-page":"99","volume":"55","year":"1950","unstructured":"Wilder, H. C. 1950. Nematode endophthalmitis. Trans. Am. Acad. Ophthalmol. Otolaryngol.55:99-104.","journal-title":"Nematode endophthalmitis. Trans. Am. Acad. Ophthalmol. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_64_2","first-page":"689","volume":"31","year":"1995","unstructured":"Wolach, B., Z. Sinnreich, and Y. Uziel. 1995. Toxocariasis: a diagnostic dilemma. Isr. J. Med. Sci.31:689-692.","journal-title":"Isr. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/149.4.591"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182099005363"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3024.1998.00160.x"}],"container-title":["Clinical Microbiology Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/CMR.16.2.265-272.2003","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/CMR.16.2.265-272.2003","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]],"date-time":"2024-12-12T02:05:13Z","timestamp":1733969113000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/CMR.16.2.265-272.2003"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,4]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/CMR.16.2.265-272.2003"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/cmr.16.2.265-272.2003","relation":{},"ISSN":["0893-8512","1098-6618"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0893-8512","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-6618","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2003-04-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}