{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T08:49:13Z","timestamp":1777798153894,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,1]],"date-time":"2003-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1057017600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Microbiol Rev"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Recipients of solid-organ transplantation are at risk of severe infections due to their life-long immunosuppression. Despite emerging evidence that vaccinations are safe and effective among immunosuppressed patients, most vaccines are still underutilized in these patients. The efficacy, safety, and protocols of several vaccines in this patient population are poorly understood. Timing of vaccination appears to be critical because response to vaccinations is decreased in patients with end-stage organ disease and in the first 6 months after transplantation. For these reasons, the primary immunizations should be given before transplantation, as early as possible during the course of disease. Vaccination strategy should include vaccination of household contacts and health care workers at transplant centers unless contraindicated. No conclusive data are available on the use of immunoadjuvants and screening for protective titers. Most vaccines appear to be safe in solid-organ transplantation recipients, but live vaccines should be avoided until further studies are available. The risk of rejection appears minimal. Recommended vaccines include pneumovax, hepatitis A and B, influenza, and tetanus-diphtheria. We outline specific protocols and recommendations in this particular patient population. Specific contraindications exist for other vaccines, such as yellow fever, oral polio vaccine, bacillus Calmette-Guerin, and vaccinia. We conclude that solid-organ recipients will benefit from consistent immunization practices. Further studies are recommended to improve established protocols in this patient population.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.16.3.357-364.2003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,12]],"date-time":"2003-07-12T13:05:17Z","timestamp":1058015117000},"page":"357-364","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":164,"title":["Vaccinations for Adult Solid-Organ Transplant Recipients: Current Recommendations and Protocols"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Andrea","family":"Duchini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisions of Gastroenterology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John A.","family":"Goss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgery and Organ Transplantation"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saul","family":"Karpen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatrics"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul J.","family":"Pockros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, and Division of Gastroenterology, Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-199609150-00026"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(97)00193-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","first-page":"174.","volume":"22","year":"1993","unstructured":"Albat, B., P. Chanez, P. Wintrebert, F. B. Michel, P. Godard, and A. Thevenet. 1993. Influenza following heart transplantation in a patient, an unusual cause of viral pneumonia. Presse Med.22:174.","journal-title":"Presse Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-199001000-00027"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8588(18)30216-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000013556"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.500060216"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jlts.2001.23069"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365548909035710"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/3.2.183"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.68.4.337"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(99)00064-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/22.2.295"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/318482"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","first-page":"1075","volume":"17","year":"1998","unstructured":"Blumberg, E. A., J. Fitzpatrick, P. C. Stutman, F. G. Hayden, and S. C. Brozena. 1998. Safety of influenza vaccine in heart transplant recipients. J. Heart Lung Transplant.17:1075-1080.","journal-title":"J. Heart Lung Transplant."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-92-4-471"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.99.1.35"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.77.1.53"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-199903150-00019"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/313823"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","unstructured":"Center for Disease Control and Prevention. 2000. Guidelines for preventing opportunistic infections among hemopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 1-125."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.500040208"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.2000.19099"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(00)00315-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","first-page":"1","volume":"7","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cooksley, W. G. E. 2000. What did we learn from the Shanghai hepatitis A epidemic? J. Viral Hep.7:1-3.","journal-title":"J. Viral Hep."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(89)80130-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-199811270-00014"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","unstructured":"Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. 1996 121"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(98)00272-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jlts.2000.8313"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jlts.2001.23010"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jlts.2000.9738"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.1999.01150.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-199707270-00010"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.500040209"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_37_2","first-page":"269","volume":"15","year":"1999","unstructured":"Flynn, J. T., K. Frisch, D. B. Kershaw, A. B. Sedman, and T. E. Bunchman. 1999. Response to early measles-mumps-rubella vaccination in infants with chronic renal failure and-and receiving peritoneal dialysis. Adv. Perit. Dial.15:269-272.","journal-title":"Adv. Perit. Dial."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-2498(98)00013-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1994.02170010059012"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000180612"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1993.216"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(97)70288-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-200101270-00013"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_44_2","first-page":"11","volume":"20","year":"2001","unstructured":"Grabenstein, J. D. 2001. Immunization and organ transplant donors and recipients. Pharm. Pract. Manage. Q.20:11-22.","journal-title":"Pharm. Pract. Manage. Q."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02014877"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-200102150-00023"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5520(20)30329-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/315129"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(99)00088-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03540380062032"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-198908000-00014"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-110-12-955"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5520(20)30327-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_54_2","first-page":"547","volume":"14","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hogan, R. N., and H. D. Cavanagh. 1995. Transplantation of corneal tissue from donors with diseases of the central nervous system. Cornea14:547-553.","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9629(15)40643-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-199703270-00008"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/344905"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_58_2","first-page":"295","volume":"54","year":"2002","unstructured":"Jacobson, R. M., and G. A. Poland. 2002. The pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Minerva Pediatr.54:295-303.","journal-title":"Minerva Pediatr."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-1345(98)00053-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2893.1999.00180.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-0012.2000.140111.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_62_2","first-page":"232","volume":"8","year":"1978","unstructured":"Keane, W. R., J. H. Helderman, J. Luby, P. Gailiunas, A. R. Hull, and J. P. Kokko. 1978. Epidemic renal transplant rejection associated with influenza A Victoria. Proc. Clin. Dial. Transpl. Forum8:232-236.","journal-title":"Proc. Clin. Dial. Transpl. Forum"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_63_2","first-page":"15","volume":"7","year":"2000","unstructured":"Keeffe, E. B. 2000. Hepatitis A in patients with chronic liver disease-severity of illness and prevention with vaccination. J. Viral Hepatitis7:15-17.","journal-title":"J. Viral Hepatitis"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510270336"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-200006150-00042"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/17.3.441"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_67_2","first-page":"2738","volume":"25","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kobashigawa, J. A., Warner- L. Stevenson, B. L. Johnson, J. D. Moriguchi, N. Kawata, D. C. Drinkwater, and H. Laks. 1993. Influenza vaccine does not cause rejection after cardiac transplantation. Transplant. Proc.25:2738-2739.","journal-title":"Transplant. Proc."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(95)70106-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_69_2","first-page":"289","volume":"70","year":"1993","unstructured":"Lahood, N., S. S. Emerson, P. Kumar, and R. U. Sorensen. 1993. Antibody levels and response to pneumococcal vaccine in steroid-dependent asthma. Ann. Allergy70:289-294.","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9071(199706)52:2<215::AID-JMV16>3.0.CO;2-J"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03404264"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1981.00340130081018"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1986.00360200116019"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/159.4.610"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_75_2","first-page":"235","volume":"44","year":"1997","unstructured":"Loinaz, C., J. R. deJuannes, E. M. Gonzalez, A. Lopez, C. Lumbreras, R. Gomez, I. Pinto, C. Jimenez, I. Garcia, and A. Fuertes. 1997. Hepatitis B vaccination results in 140 liver transplant recipients. Hepatogastroenterology44:235-238.","journal-title":"Hepatogastroenterology"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.500020605"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(95)70037-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/315245"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_79_2","first-page":"15","volume":"1","year":"1989","unstructured":"Meuer, S. C., H. Dumann, K. H. Meyer zum Buschenfelde, and T. Kohler. 1989. Low dose interleokin-2 induces systemic immune response against hepatitis B virus surface antigen in immunodeficient non-responders to hepatitis B vaccination. Lancet1:15-17.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/he.2000.5719"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_81_2","first-page":"859.","volume":"342","year":"1993","unstructured":"O'Sullivan, J., J. Dark, and K. Gould. 1993. Heamophilus influenzae immunization and timing of cardiac transplantation. Lancet342:859.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3046.1999.00013.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.11.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840040527"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-198906000-00007"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)81545-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/313913"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01713050"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(97)00132-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-182-42367"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_91_2","unstructured":"N. Engl. J. Med. 2003 348"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000045246"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.18.1.154-159.1983"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9071(200005)61:1<85::AID-JMV14>3.0.CO;2-H"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/315125"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08028-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.16.3.738-741.1977"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-198610000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-200008150-00026"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_100_2","unstructured":"Can. J. Gastroenterol. 2000 14"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0966-3274(93)90064-F"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2000.9873"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-2498(00)00331-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00865476"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-200102000-00011"}],"container-title":["Clinical Microbiology Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/CMR.16.3.357-364.2003","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/CMR.16.3.357-364.2003","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T10:10:57Z","timestamp":1645611057000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/CMR.16.3.357-364.2003"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,7]]},"references-count":104,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/CMR.16.3.357-364.2003"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/cmr.16.3.357-364.2003","relation":{},"ISSN":["0893-8512","1098-6618"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0893-8512","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-6618","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2003-07-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}