{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T10:49:13Z","timestamp":1762339753753},"reference-count":176,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,1]],"date-time":"2003-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1057017600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Microbiol Rev"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>Despite effective antibiotic therapy, bacterial meningitis is still associated with high morbidity and mortality in both children and adults. Animal studies have shown that the host inflammatory response induced by bacterial products in the subarachnoid space is associated with central nervous system injury. Thus, attenuation of inflammation early in the disease process might improve the outcome. The feasibility of such an approach is demonstrated by the reduction in neurologic sequelae achieved with adjuvant dexamethasone therapy. Increased understanding of the pathways of inflammation and neuronal damage has suggested rational new targets to modulate the host response in bacterial meningitis, but prediction of which agents would be optimal has been difficult. This review compares the future promise of benefit from the use of diverse adjuvant agents. It appears unlikely that inhibition of a single proinflammatory mediator will prove useful in clinical practice, but several avenues to reprogram a wider array of mediators simultaneously are encouraging. Particularly promising are efforts to adjust combinations of cytokines, to inhibit neuronal apoptosis and to enhance brain repair.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.16.3.415-429.2003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,12]],"date-time":"2003-07-12T13:05:17Z","timestamp":1058015117000},"page":"415-429","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Reprogramming the Host Response in Bacterial Meningitis: How Best To Improve Outcome?"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"van der Flier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wilhelmina Children's Hospital"},{"name":"Eijkman-Winkler Institute for Microbiology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. P. M.","family":"Geelen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wilhelmina Children's Hospital"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. L. L.","family":"Kimpen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wilhelmina Children's Hospital"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"I. M.","family":"Hoepelman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eijkman-Winkler Institute for Microbiology"},{"name":"Division of Acute Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E. I.","family":"Tuomanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"and Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38139"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-200010000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-200005000-00010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(95)11541-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.30.12.2752"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.102.5.1087"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-129-11_Part_1-199812010-00004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.42.4.739"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/315658"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199305000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jm990377j"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/173.3.735"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-002-0957-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200103083441001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001432-200206000-00015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1984.04050210043012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/315518"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/6514"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/324013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI12035"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/13543784.8.10.1599"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0882-4010(95)90299-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200208000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.1996.4831024.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/344229"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021334"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.190.9.1351"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.5.2590-2601.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.10.5756-5763.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","first-page":"993","volume":"95","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ehrenreich, H., T. R. Nau, C. Dembowski, M. Hasselblatt, M. Barth, A. Hahn, L. Schilling, A.-L. Siren, and W. Bruck. 2000. Endothelin b receptor deficiency is associated with an increased rate of neuronal apoptosis in the dentate gyrus. Neuroscience 95:993-1001.","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","first-page":"1179","volume":"349","year":"1997","unstructured":"Enting, R. 1997. Dexamethasone for bacterial meningitis: we need the answer. Dutch Bacterial Meningitis Study Group. Lancet349:1179-1180.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/520303"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.41.1.275-279.1983"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.50.4.876"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197702242960806"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.187.6.903"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410020202"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1996.tb00578.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/168.3.657"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/79371"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410090403"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.5.3.322-324.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117098"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1991.03470080067031"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.83.2.111"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200205001-00007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199303000-00017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.32.2.570"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(00)02004-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.220412197"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(00)00317-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.18.10242"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08416-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.58.2.186"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/315048"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1992.77.4.0584"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10262"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.2.7.1073"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/315877"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5185","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.157.11.5185","volume":"157","year":"1996","unstructured":"Koedel, U., A. Bernatowicz, K. Frei, A. Fontana, and H. W. Pfister. 1996. Systemically (but not intrathecally) administered IL-10 attenuates pathophysiologic alterations in experimental pneumococcal meningitis. J. Immunol.157:5185-5191.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/516910"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koedel U. and H. W. Pfister. 1999. Models of experimental bacterial meningitis. Role and limitations. Infect. Dis. Clin. North. Am. 13: 549-577 vi.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5520(05)70094-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.1999.tb00211.x","volume":"9","year":"1999","unstructured":"Koedel, U., and H. W. Pfister. 1999. Oxidative stress in bacterial meningitis. Brain Pathol.9:57-67.","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(02)00450-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10103"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-200201000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/21.6.1390"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200208000-00011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn983"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/315765"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02326-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.9.1734"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/514226"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119084"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/173.1.166"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.2.615-620.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5520(05)70093-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_2","unstructured":"Leib S. L. and M. G. Tauber. 2000. In search of strategies for preventing brain damage as a sequela of bacterial meningitis. Schweiz. Med. Wochenschr. 130: 928-935. (In German.)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/313922"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02712-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(00)00354-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/317921"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(96)00375-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lorenzl S. U. Koedel K. Frei A. Bernatowicz A. Fontana and H. W. Pfister. 1995. Protective effect of a 21-aminosteroid during experimental pneumococcal meningitis. J. Infect. Dis. 172: 113-118. (Erratum J. Infect. Dis. 172: 1174.)","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/172.1.113"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199611000-00018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199802123380706"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-1738(01)00152-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)00252-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/132.4.355"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03550110063038"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_91_2","first-page":"1099","volume":"145","year":"1991","unstructured":"Mertsola, J., W. A. Kennedy, D. Waagner, X. Saez-Llorens, K. Olsen, E. J. Hansen, and G. H. McCracken, Jr. 1991. Endotoxin concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid correlate with clinical severity and neurologic outcome of Haemophilus influenzae type B meningitis. Am. J. Dis. Child145:1099-1103.","journal-title":"Am. J. Dis. Child"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_92_2","first-page":"47","volume":"41","year":"1998","unstructured":"Michie, H. R. 1998. The value of animal models in the development of new drugs for the treatment of the sepsis syndrome. J. Antimicrob. Chemother.41(Suppl. A):47-49.","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80422-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.64.6.814"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2281.2000.00276.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200004000-00019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)09458-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/159.5.917"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(02)00862-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(00)02024-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.15.1.95-110.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199903000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_103_2","first-page":"207","volume":"122","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ostergaard, C., R. V. Yieng-Kow, C. G. Larsen, N. Mukaida, K. Matsushima, T. Benfield, N. Frimodt-Moller, F. Espersen, A. Kharazmi, and J. D. Lundgren. 2000. Treatment with a monocolonal antibody to IL-8 attenuates the pleocytosis in experimental pneumococcal meningitis in rabbits when given intravenously, but not intracisternally. Clin. Exp. Immunol.122:207-211.","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/siny.2002.0114"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/171.1.161"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/514118"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000014222"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-199709000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200007000-00060"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410440404"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1357-4310(97)01077-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI104484"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.42.8.1497"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1993.00540060015010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/19.3.463"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.176.1.265"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/166.6.1442"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_118_2","first-page":"378","volume":"51","year":"1990","unstructured":"Pfister, H. W., U. Koedel, U. Dirnagl, R. L. Haberl, W. Feiden, and K. M. Einhaupl. 1990. Superoxide dismutase inhibits brain oedema formation in experimental pneumococcal meningitis. Acta Neurochir. Suppl. (Vienna)51:378-380.","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir. Suppl. (Vienna)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1990.148"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.23.12.1798"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199506090-00018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_122_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(200003)47:3<329::AID-ANA8>3.0.CO;2-R"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_123_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)80682-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_124_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.75.6.482"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_125_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.8.4267"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_126_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199209173271208"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_127_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199703063361007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_128_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199209000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_129_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.172.2.497"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_130_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/340818"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_131_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117754"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_132_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/172.3.785"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_133_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.22.1.11"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_134_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.34.5.837"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_135_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)09812-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_136_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.171.2.439"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_137_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/8432"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_138_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.7.1584"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_139_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/088307380001501221"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_140_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/088307380001500801"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_141_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199710023371404"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_142_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-05-01784.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_143_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/514251"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_144_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199506000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_145_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1956","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.158.4.1956","volume":"158","year":"1997","unstructured":"Spanaus, K. S., D. Nadal, H. W. Pfister, J. Seebach, U. Widmer, K. Frei, S. Gloor, and A. Fontana. 1997. C-X-C and C-C chemokines are expressed in the cerebrospinal fluid in bacterial meningitis and mediate chemotactic activity on peripheral blood-derived polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cells in vitro. J. Immunol.158:1956-1964.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_146_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02779-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_147_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/315084"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_148_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-198708000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_149_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118695"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_150_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/515079"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_151_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/156.3.456"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_152_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/17.Supplement_2.S537"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_153_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/515327"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_154_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-109-9-690"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_155_2","first-page":"80","volume":"268","year":"1993","unstructured":"Tuomanen, E. 1993. Breaching the blood-brain barrier. Sci. Am.268:80-84.","journal-title":"Sci. Am."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_156_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/155.5.985"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_157_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0882-4010(86)90028-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_158_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.170.3.959"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_159_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199611000-00016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_160_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/163.3.647"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_161_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115676"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_162_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(97)70035-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_163_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI8218"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_164_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.8.4792-4794.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_165_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/317643"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_166_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.64.12.4883-4890.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_167_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.154.6.556"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_168_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.2001.280.1.H434"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_169_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.286.15.1869"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_170_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(95)00131-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_171_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(97)00233-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_172_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-199711000-00011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_173_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.11.6881-6886.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_174_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35025215"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_175_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199102143240701"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_176_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.1997.d01-949.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_177_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199606000-00006"}],"container-title":["Clinical Microbiology Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/CMR.16.3.415-429.2003","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/CMR.16.3.415-429.2003","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]],"date-time":"2024-01-10T08:05:42Z","timestamp":1704873942000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/CMR.16.3.415-429.2003"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,7]]},"references-count":176,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/CMR.16.3.415-429.2003"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/cmr.16.3.415-429.2003","relation":{},"ISSN":["0893-8512","1098-6618"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0893-8512","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-6618","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2003-07-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}