{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T13:14:37Z","timestamp":1793020477065,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":199,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,1]],"date-time":"2004-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1080777600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Microbiol Rev"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>Increased interest in the pathogenic potential of<jats:italic>Yersinia pestis<\/jats:italic>has emerged because of the potential threats from bioterrorism. Pathogenic potential is based on genetic factors present in a population of microbes, yet most studies evaluating the role of specific genes in virulence have used a limited number of strains. For<jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>this issue is complicated by the fact that most strains available for study in the Americas are clonally derived and thus genetically restricted, emanating from a strain of<jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>introduced into the United States in 1902 via marine shipping and subsequent spread of this strain throughout North and South America. In countries from the former Soviet Union (FSU), Mongolia, and China there are large areas of enzootic foci of<jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>infection containing genetically diverse strains that have been intensely studied by scientists in these countries. However, the results of these investigations are not generally known outside of these countries. Here we describe the variety of methods used in the FSU to classify<jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>strains based on genetic and phenotypic variation and show that there is a high level of diversity in these strains not reflected by ones obtained from sylvatic areas and patients in the Americas.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.17.2.434-464.2004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,14]],"date-time":"2004-04-14T18:17:57Z","timestamp":1081966677000},"page":"434-464","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":278,"title":["Intraspecific Diversity of<i>Yersinia pestis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Andrey P.","family":"Anisimov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, State Research Center for Applied Microbiology, 142279 Obolensk, Serpukhov District, Moscow Region, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Bacterial Diseases, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910"},{"name":"Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luther E.","family":"Lindler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, State Research Center for Applied Microbiology, 142279 Obolensk, Serpukhov District, Moscow Region, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Bacterial Diseases, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910"},{"name":"Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerald B.","family":"Pier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, State Research Center for Applied Microbiology, 142279 Obolensk, Serpukhov District, Moscow Region, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Bacterial Diseases, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910"},{"name":"Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"Abgaryan G. P. 1966 . Characterization of some Yersinia pestis strains which were isolated on Armenian Highland from common voles. Ph.D. thesis. All-Union Research Anti-Plague Institute\u201c Microbe \u201d Saratov USSR."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Achtman M. K. Zurth G. Morelli G. Torrea A. Guiyoule and E. Carniel. 1999 . Yersinia pestis the cause of plague is a recently emerged clone of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96: 14043-14048. (Erratum 97: 8192 2000.)","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.24.14043"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.4.1516-1519.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1998.58.793"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.64.11.4580-4585.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.64.6.2180-2187.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","first-page":"11","volume":"4","year":"1999","unstructured":"Anisimov, A. P. 1999. Factors providing the blocking activity of Yersinia pestis. Mol. Gen. Mikrobiol. Virusol.4:11-15.","journal-title":"Mol. Gen. Mikrobiol. Virusol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","first-page":"3","volume":"4","year":"2002","unstructured":"Anisimov, A. P. 2002. Factors of Yersinia pestis proving circulation and persistence of plague pathogen in ecosystems of natural foci. Communication 2. Mol. Gen. Mikrobiol. Virusol.4:3-11.","journal-title":"Communication 2. Mol. Gen. Mikrobiol. Virusol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","first-page":"3","volume":"3","year":"2002","unstructured":"Anisimov, A. P. 2002. Yersinia pestis factors, assuring circulation and maintenance of the plague pathogen in natural foci ecosystems. Report 1. Mol. Gen. Mikrobiol. Virusol.3:3-23.","journal-title":"Report 1. Mol. Gen. Mikrobiol. Virusol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","unstructured":"Anisimova T. I. 1962. Experimental plague in grey rats ( Rattus norvegicus ). Ph.D. thesis. All-Union Research Anti-Plague Institute \u201cMicrobe \u201d Saratov USSR."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","unstructured":"Aparin G. P. and E. P. Golubinskii. 1989. Plague microbiology. Manual. Irkutsk State University Irkutsk USSR."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","first-page":"16","volume":"11","year":"1987","unstructured":"Aparin, G. P., S. V. Balakhonov, L. A. Timofeeva, and A. I. Logachev. 1987. Numerical analysis of the phenotypic properties and total genomic characteristics of strains of Yersinia pestis related to different subspecies.Zh. Mikrobiol. Epidemiol. Immunobiol.11:16-20.","journal-title":"Zh. Mikrobiol. Epidemiol. Immunobiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","unstructured":"Bahmanyar M. and D. C. Cavanaugh. 1976. Plague manual. World Health Organization Geneva Switzerland."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.68.2.131","volume":"68","year":"1952","unstructured":"Baker, E. E., H. Sommer, L. E. Foster, E. Meyer, K. Meyer. 1952. Studies on immunization against plague. I. The isolation and characterization of the soluble antigen of the Pasteurella pestis. J. Immunol.68:131-145.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","unstructured":"Balakhonov S. V. 1987. Molecular-biological criteria of genome similarity in taxonomy of bacteria from the genus Yersinia . Ph.D. thesis. Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute\u201c Microbe \u201d Saratov USSR."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","first-page":"39","volume":"4","year":"1989","unstructured":"Balakhonov, S. V. 1989. Results of screening of plasmids of Yersinia pestis strains from various regions of endemic Central-Asian plague focus. Mol. Gen. Mikrobiol. Virusol.4:39-42.","journal-title":"Mol. Gen. Mikrobiol. Virusol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","unstructured":"Balakhonov S. V. 2000. Genome markers of the plague pseudotuberculosis cholera and brucellosis pathogens (epidemiological and diagnostic significance). Sc.D. thesis. Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute \u201cMicrobe \u201d Saratov Russia."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","first-page":"22","volume":"11","year":"1991","unstructured":"Balakhonov, S. V., S. Tsendzhav, and A. Erdenebat. 1991. New plasmidovars of Yersinia pestis strains isolated in Mongolia. Mol. Gen. Mikrobiol. Virusol.11:22-29.","journal-title":"Mol. Gen. Mikrobiol. Virusol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/am.19.6.915-918.1970"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-144-6-1509"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0147-619X(81)90019-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","first-page":"215","volume":"17","year":"1938","unstructured":"Berlin, A. L., and A. K. Borzenkov. 1938. Fermentative characterization of Mongolian B. pestis strains. Fermentation of different carbohydrates, alcohols, and glucosides. Attitude of B. pestis strains toward glycerol. Herald Microbiol. Epidemiol. Parasitol.17:215-227.","journal-title":"Herald Microbiol. Epidemiol. Parasitol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","first-page":"250","volume":"7","year":"1928","unstructured":"Bezsonova, A. A. 1928. About two varieties of B. pestis, which can be distinguished while growing on glycerol-containing media. Herald Microbiol. Epidemiol. Parasitol.7:250-253.","journal-title":"Herald Microbiol. Epidemiol. Parasitol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","unstructured":"Bobrov A. G. 1995. Studying prevalence and location of mobile elements IS 100 and IS 285 in yersiniae genomes. Ph.D. thesis. Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute\u201c Microbe \u201d Saratov Russia."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","first-page":"36","volume":"2","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bobrov, A. G., and A. A. Filippov. 1997. Prevalence of IS285 and IS100 in Yersinia pestis and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis genomes.Mol. Gen. Mikrobiol. Virusol.2:36-40.","journal-title":"Mol. Gen. Mikrobiol. Virusol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","first-page":"490","volume":"113","year":"1933","unstructured":"Boivin, A., I. Mesrobeanu, and L. Mesrobeanu. 1933. Technique pour la pr\u00e9paration des polysaccharide microbiens sp\u00e9cifiques. C. R. Soc. Biol.113:490-492.","journal-title":"C. R. Soc. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","first-page":"941","volume":"33","year":"1999","unstructured":"Borinskaya, S. A. and N. K. Yankovskii. 1999. Structure of prokaryotic genomes. Mol. Biol.33:941-952.","journal-title":"Mol. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","first-page":"111","volume":"57","year":"1972","unstructured":"Brubaker, R. R. 1972. The genus Yersinia: biochemistry and genetics of virulence. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol.57:111-158.","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/5.4.748"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.4.3.309"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","unstructured":"The prokaryotes: an evolving electronic resource for the microbiological community 2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","first-page":"59","volume":"37","year":"1963","unstructured":"Burrows, T. W. 1963. Virulence of Pasteurella pestis and immunity to plague. Ergeb. Mikrobiol. Immun. Exp. Ther.37:59-113.","journal-title":"Ergeb. Mikrobiol. Immun. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1038\/229051a0","volume":"229","year":"1971","unstructured":"Burrows, T. W., and W. A. Gillett. 1971. Host specificity of Brazilian strains of Pasteurella pestis.Nature229:51-52.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butler T. 1983. Plague and other Yersinia infections. Plenum Press New York N.Y.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-8422-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","unstructured":"Byvalov A. A. I. V. Darmov and V. I. Evstigneev. 1997. Antigen protecting guinea pigs from experimental plague p. 192-193. In Proceedings of the Scientific and Practical Conference dedicated to the centenary of the Russian Anti-Plague Service vol. 1. Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute \u201cMicrobe \u201d Saratov Russia."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","unstructured":"Byvalov A. A. V. I. Evstigneev E. V. Pimenov and N. T. Vasil'ev. 1997. Immunization of experimental animals against plague with complex preparation including F1 and B antigens p. 194. In Proceedings of the Scientific and Practical Conference dedicated to the centenary of the Russian Anti-Plague Service vol. 1. Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute \u201cMicrobe \u201d Saratov Russia."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","first-page":"74","volume":"4","year":"1984","unstructured":"Byvalov, A. A., V. N. Pautov, Iu. V. Chicherin, V. A. Lebedinskii, and V. I. Evtigneev. 1984. Effectiveness of revaccinating hamadryas baboons with NISS live dried plague vaccine and fraction I of the plague microbe. Zh. Mikrobiol. Epidemiol. Immunobiol.4:74-76.","journal-title":"Zh. Mikrobiol. Epidemiol. Immunobiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1472-765X.2002.01226.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.83.4.348","volume":"83","year":"1959","unstructured":"Cavanaugh, D. C., and R. Randall. 1959. The role of multiplication of Pasteurella pestis in mononuclear phagocytes in the pathogenesis of fleaborne plague. J. Immunol.83:348-363.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/141.6.724"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","unstructured":"Chu M. C. 2000. Laboratory manual of plague diagnostic tests. World Health Organization Geneva Switzerland."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1998.59.679","volume":"59","year":"1998","unstructured":"Chu, M. C., X. Q. Dong, X. Zhou, and C. F. Garon. 1998. A cryptic 19-kilobase plasmid associated with U.S. isolates of Yersinia pestis: a dimer of the 9.5-kilobase plasmid. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.59:679-686.","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.56.012302.160634"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.62.4.1315-1352.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","unstructured":"Dal'vadyants S. M. 1990. Plague chemical vaccine: designing experimental and clinical substantiation of application for human revaccination. Sc.D. thesis. All-Union Research Anti-Plague Institute \u201cMicrobe \u201d Saratov USSR."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","unstructured":"Dal'vadyants S. M. V. V. Korolev V. V. Seroglazov L. G. Belov G. M. Sergeeva K. I. Gerasimova T. M. Drobysheva N. P. Mironova M. S. Verenkov and N. M. Aleksandrova. 1997 . Indices of indirect analytical method for evaluation of efficacy of revaccination of volunteers with live and chemical plague vaccines p. 201-202. In Proceedings of the Scientific and Practical Conference dedicated to the centenary of the Russian Anti-Plague Service vol. 1. Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute \u201cMicrobe \u201d Saratov Russia."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","first-page":"156","volume":"120","year":"1996","unstructured":"Davis, K. J., D. L. Fritz, M. L. Pitt, S. L. Welkos, P. L. Worsham, and A. M. Friedlander. 1996. Pathology of experimental pneumonic plague produced by fraction 1-positive and fraction 1-negative Yersinia pestis in African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops). Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med.120:156-163.","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.184.16.4601-4611.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","unstructured":"Dennis D. T. K. L. Gage N. Gratz J. D. Poland and E. Tikhomirov. 1999. Plague manual: epidemiology distribution surveillance and control. World Health Organization Geneva Switzerland."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.1993.tb00300.x","volume":"6","year":"1993","unstructured":"Devdariani, Z. L., M. S. Verenkov, V. A. Fedorova, N. S. Solodovnicov, and L. G. Belov. 1993 . Identification of Yersinia pestis with varied plasmid composition using monoclonal and polyclonal fluorescent immunoglobulins. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol.6:31-35.","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","unstructured":"Devdariani Z. L. V. A. Fedorova O. V. Gromova and T. M. Taranenko. 1997. Comparative incidence of detecting specific antibodies to Yersinia pestis capsular antigen and lipopolysaccharide in humans immunised with antipestis vaccine. Clin. Lab. Diag. 4: 39-41."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","first-page":"247","volume":"4","year":"1951","unstructured":"Devignat, R. 1951. Vari\u00e9t\u00e9s de l'esp\u00e8ce Pasteurella pestis: nouvelle hyphoth\u00e8se. Bull. W. H. O.4:247-263.","journal-title":"Bull. W. H. O."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.148.2.557","volume":"148","year":"1978","unstructured":"Doe, W. F., S. T. Yang, D. C. Morrison, S. J. Betz, P. M. Henson. 1978. Macrophage stimulation by bacterial lipopolysaccharides. II. Evidence for differentiation signals delivered by lipid A and by a protein rich fraction of lipopolysaccharides. J. Exp. Med.148:557-568.","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1994.51.109"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","unstructured":"Domaradskii I. V. 1993. Plague: contemporary state assumptions problems. Saratov Medical Institute Press Saratov Russia."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","unstructured":"Domaradskii I. V. 1998. Plague. Meditsina Press Moscow Russia."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/plas.1999.1432"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","first-page":"344","volume":"22","year":"2001","unstructured":"Dong, X., F. Ye, and H. Peng. 2001. Geographic distribution and feature of Yersinia pestis plasmid isolated from Yunnan province. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi22:344-347.","journal-title":"Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-42-4-264"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","unstructured":"Dyatlov A. I. 1989. Evolutional aspects in natural plague focality. Stavropol' Bookish Press Stavropol' USSR."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","unstructured":"Elkin Yu. M. and P. A. Petrov. 1974. Paleogenesis of Transcaucasian highland plague focus in connection with dissimilarity in virulence of Yersinia pestis vole's strains from different landscape-geographical Caucasus localities p.43 -45. In Particularly dangerous infections in the Caucasus. Stavrapol' Research Anti-Plague Institute Stavropol' USSR."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","unstructured":"Erdenebat A. 2000. Plasmid content of Yersinia pestis isolated in Mongolia. Ph.D. thesis. Centre for Control and Research of Natural Infectious Diseases Ulaanbaatar Mongolia."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","first-page":"275","volume":"23","year":"1960","unstructured":"Fedorov, V. N. 1960. Plague in camels and its prevention in the USSR. Bull. W. H. O.23:275-281.","journal-title":"Bull. W. H. O."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","first-page":"22","volume":"3","year":"1998","unstructured":"Fedorova, V. A., and Z. L. Devdariani. 1998. Study of antigenic determinants of Yersinia pestis lipopolysaccharide using monoclonal antibodies. Mol. Gen. Mikrobiol. Virusol.3:22-26.","journal-title":"Mol. Gen. Mikrobiol. Virusol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-49-3-261","volume":"49","year":"2000","unstructured":"Fedorova, V. A., and Z. L. Devdariani. 2000. Development, characterisation and diagnostic application of monoclonal antibodies against Yersinia pestis fibrinolysin and coagulase.J. Med. Microbiol.49:261-269.","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.31.2.839-841.1981"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","unstructured":"Filippov A. A. 2001. Mobile genetic elements of pathogenic yersiniae. Sc.D. thesis. Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute \u201cMicrobe \u201d Saratov Russia."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1990.tb13833.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","first-page":"10","volume":"3","year":"1992","unstructured":"Filippov, A. A., N. S. Solodovnikov, L. M. Kukleva, and O. A. Protsenko. 1992. Plasmid composition of Yersinia pestis strains from different natural foci. Zh. Mikrobiol. Epidemiol. Immunobiol.3:10-13.","journal-title":"Zh. Mikrobiol. Epidemiol. Immunobiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","first-page":"99","volume":"53","year":"1968","unstructured":"Finegold, M. J., J. J. Petery, R. F. Berendt, and H. R. Adams. 1968. Studies on the pathogenesis of plague. Blood coagulation and tissue responses of Macaca mulatta following exposure to aerosols of Pasteurella pestis. Am. J. Pathol.53:99-114.","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mmbr.61.2.136-169.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/21.Supplement_2.S178"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_2","first-page":"326","year":"1983","unstructured":"Fursov, V. V., and Y. A. Popov. 1983. Studying of Yersinia pestis \u201cvole\u201d strains by agarose gel electrophoresis, p.326 -327. In Y. G. Suchkov (ed.), Prophylaxis of natural focal infections. Region Administration Press, Stavropol', Russia.","journal-title":"Prophylaxis of natural focal infections"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_2","unstructured":"Fursova N. K. R. Z. Shaikhutdinova and A. P. Anisimov. 2002. Strain differences in susceptibility of the plague pathogen to polymyxin B p.65 -66. In Proceedings of the 4th Russian Conference on Current Problems of Anti-Microbe Chemotherapy Moscow Russia."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/313804"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199709043371004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.127.4.1290","volume":"127","year":"1981","unstructured":"Goldman, R. C., D. White, and L. Leive. 1981. Identification of outer membrane proteins, including known lymphocyte mitogens, as the endotoxin protein of Escherichia coli O111.J. Immunol.127:1290-1294.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_2","first-page":"12","volume":"3","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gorshkov, O. V., E. P. Savostina, Iu. A. Popov, O. P. Plotnikov, N. A. Vinogradova, and N. S Solodovnikov. 2000 . Genotyping Yersinia pestis strains from various natural foci. Mol. Gen. Mikrobiol. Virusol.3:12-17.","journal-title":"Mol. Gen. Mikrobiol. Virusol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_2","first-page":"35","volume":"6","year":"1994","unstructured":"Gramotina, L. I. and S. L. Protsenko. 1994. Low-molecular-weight plasmids\u2014a prospective test for the intraspecific differentiation of Yersinia pestis. Zh. Mikrobiol. Epidemiol. Immunobiol.6:35-36.","journal-title":"Zh. Mikrobiol. Epidemiol. Immunobiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_2","first-page":"229","volume":"529","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gremyakova, T. A., E. V. Vinogradov, B. Lindner, N. A. Kocharova, S. N. Senchenkova, A. S. Shashkov, Y. A. Knirel, O. Holst, R. Z. Shaikhutdinova, and A. P. Anisimov. 2003. The core structure of the lipopolysaccharide of Yersinia pestis strain KM218. Influence of growth temperature. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol.529:229-231.","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_2","first-page":"108","volume":"3","year":"1985","unstructured":"Griboedov, A. V., G. P. Barabash. 1985. Basic somatic antigen or antigen obtained from Yersinia pestis by the Boivin-Mesrobeanu method. Zh. Mikrobiol. Epidemiol. Immunobiol.3:108-115.","journal-title":"Zh. Mikrobiol. Epidemiol. Immunobiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0966-842X(94)90802-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.183.6.1835-1842.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.35.11.2826-2833.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.32.3.634-641.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0701.010106"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_88_2","first-page":"8","volume":"12","year":"1992","unstructured":"Gvozdenko, N. A., V. E. Valentsev, B. D. Rublev, and V. I. Ryzhkov. 1992. The sensitivity of bacterial strains of Yersinia pestis isolated from voles to normal human serum. Zh. Mikrobiol. Epidemiol. Immunobiol.11-12:8-10.","journal-title":"Zh. Mikrobiol. Epidemiol. Immunobiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(98)80110-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001090050148"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1069972"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2002.03159.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.273.5273.367"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2002.02990.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.4.1164-1173.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.17.2281"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_97_2","unstructured":"Innokent'eva T. I. 1969. Virulence raising and changing of the other properties of Yersinia pestis during its passaging through the organism of the Ochotona pricei . Ph.D. thesis. Antiplague Research Institute of Siberia and Far East Irkutsk USSR."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_98_2","first-page":"91","year":"1999","unstructured":"Iriarte, M., and G. R. Cornelis. 1999. The 70-kilobase virulence plasmid of yersiniae, p.91 -126. In J. B. Kaper and J. Hacker (ed.), Pathogenicity islands and other mobile virulence elements. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.","journal-title":"Pathogenicity islands and other mobile virulence elements"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_99_2","first-page":"2109","volume":"47","year":"1973","unstructured":"Isa\u00e4cson, M., D. Levy, B. J. Te, W. N. Pienaar, H. D. Bubb, J. A. Louw, and D. K. Genis. 1973 . Unusual cases of human plague in Southern Africa.S. Afr. Med. J.47:2109-2113.","journal-title":"S. Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_100_2","first-page":"16","volume":"3","year":"1990","unstructured":"Ivanova, V. S., S. A. Lebedeva, N. A. Goncharova, and G. G. Gurleva. 1990. Screening of plasmids in museum strains of Yersinia pestis isolated from various natural foci. Mol. Gen. Mikrobiol. Virusol.3:16-88.","journal-title":"Mol. Gen. Mikrobiol. Virusol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_101_2","unstructured":"Kalabukhov N. I. 1969. Periodical (seasonal and years') changes in rodents' organisms their reasons and after-effects. Nauka Press Leningrad USSR."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_102_2","unstructured":"Kalmykova L. I. 1984. Biological properties and spectrums of the water-soluble proteins of Yersinia pestis strains isolated from Caucasian natural foci. Ph.D. thesis. All-Union Research Anti-Plague Institute \u201cMicrobe \u201d Saratov USSR."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.8.4092-4098.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.9.3179-3185.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_105_2","unstructured":"Kokushkin A. M. 1995. Social and biological aspects of plague epidemiology. Sc.D. thesis. Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute \u201cMicrobe \u201d Saratov Russia."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_106_2","unstructured":"Kondrashkina K. I. N. I. Nikolaev L. M. Gol'dfarb V. A. Ivanov I. I. Kuraev and N. G. Ponomarev. 1971. Role of atypical strains in mechanisms of self-regulation of plague epizootic process. Probl. Particularly Dangerous Infect. (Saratov) 20: 5-17."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_107_2","unstructured":"Kozlov M. P. 1979. Plague (natural focality epizootology epidemiological manifestations). Meditsina Press Moscow USSR."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_108_2","unstructured":"Kudinova T. P. 1968. Attributes of Yersinia pestis strains isolated in autumn 1963 in Ili-Karatal inter-river region. Ph.D. thesis. Research Anti-Plague Institute of Central Asia Alma-Ata USSR."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_109_2","unstructured":"Kuklev E. V. 1999. Quantitative assessment of epidemic potential of natural plague foci. Sc.D. thesis. Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute \u201cMicrobe \u201d Saratov Russia."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_110_2","first-page":"3","volume":"1","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kukleva, L. M., O. A. Protsenko, and V. V. Kutyrev. 2002. Modern concepts on the relationship between the agents causing plague and pseudotuberculosis.Mol. Gen. Mikrobiol. Virusol.1:3-7.","journal-title":"Mol. Gen. Mikrobiol. Virusol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_111_2","unstructured":"Kutyrev V. V. 1992. Genetic analysis of Yersinia pestis virulence factors. Sc.D. thesis. Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute \u201cMicrobe \u201d Saratov Russia."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_112_2","first-page":"42","volume":"8","year":"1989","unstructured":"Kutyrev, V. V., A. A. Filippov, N. Y. Shavina, and O. A. Protsenko. 1989. Genetic analysis and modeling of the virulence of Yersinia pestis. Mol. Genet. Mikrobiol. Virusol.8:42-47.","journal-title":"Mol. Genet. Mikrobiol. Virusol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46651989000500001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822000000100006","volume":"31","year":"2000","unstructured":"Leal, N. C., M. Sobreira, T. C. A. Leal, and A. M. P. de Almeida. 2000. Homology among extra-cryptic DNA bands and the typical plasmids in Brazilian Yersinia pestis strains. Braz. J. Microbiol.31:20-24.","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_115_2","unstructured":"Lebedeva S. A. A. L. Ntukhachev V. S. Ivanova and A. S. Chernyavskaya. 2002. On the question of evolutional development of Yersinia pestis species and epidemiological significance of its representatives p.147 -149. In Proceedings of the Jubilee Scientific and Practical Conference on Epidemiological Safety at the Caucasus devoted to fiftieth anniversary of the Stavrapol' Research Anti-Plague Institute. Stavrapol' Research Anti-Plague Institute Stavrapol' Russia."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_116_2","first-page":"60","volume":"5","year":"1982","unstructured":"Lebedinskii, V. A., Iu. V. Chicherin, V. N. Pautov, V. I. Evstigneev, and A. A. Byvalov. 1982. Experience using fraction I of the plague microbe for revaccinating experimental animals. Zh. Mikrobiol. Epidemiol. Immunobiol.5:60-63.","journal-title":"Zh. Mikrobiol. Epidemiol. Immunobiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.12.5731-5742.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.58.8.2569-2577.1990"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_119_2","unstructured":"Logachev A. I. 1979. Biological properties of Yersinia pestis strains isolated in Mountain Altai. Ph.D. thesis. All-Union Research Anti-Plague Institute\u201c Microbe \u201d Saratov USSR."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.174.7.2078-2086.1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_121_2","unstructured":"Martinevskii I. L. 1969. Biology and genetic features of plague and plague-related microbes. Meditsina Press Moscow USSR."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_122_2","first-page":"10","volume":"42","year":"1975","unstructured":"Martinevskii, I. L. 1975. Studying of peculiarities of strains of the plague pathogen isolated from certain African regions. Probl. Particularly Dangerous Infect.42:10-13.","journal-title":"Particularly Dangerous Infect."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_123_2","first-page":"687","volume":"26","year":"1981","unstructured":"Martinevskii, I. L., and I. S. Arakelian. 1981. Response to polymyxin of plague microbe strains isolated from various natural foci and of their mutants with a decreased requirement in nutritional factors. Antibiotiki26:687-689.","journal-title":"Antibiotiki"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_124_2","unstructured":"Mel'nikov I. F. 1971. Characterization of Yersinia pestis strains isolated from Kyzyl-Kum Desert and interrelations of P + and P \u2212 variants of the plague pathogen with the organisms of hosts and vectors. Ph.D. thesis. All-Union Research Anti-Plague Institute \u201cMicrobe \u201d Saratov USSR."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_125_2","first-page":"653","volume":"42","year":"1970","unstructured":"Meyer, K. F. 1970. Effectiveness of live or killed plague vaccines in man. Bull. W. H. O.42:653-666.","journal-title":"Bull. W. H. O."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_126_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/129.Supplement_1.S13"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_127_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/129.Supplement_1.S41"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_128_2","first-page":"154","volume":"58","year":"1965","unstructured":"Mollaret, H. H., and C. Mollaret. 1965. Melibiose fermentation in the genus Yersinia and its importance in the diagnosis of the varieties of Yersinia pestis. Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. Fil.58:154-156.","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. Fil."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_129_2","first-page":"424","volume":"107","year":"1964","unstructured":"Mollaret, H. H., V. B. Nguyen, M. Vandekerkove, Y. Karimi, and M. Eftekhari. 1964. Sur l'ur\u00e9ase du bacille de Yersin. Ann. Inst. Pasteur107:424-429.","journal-title":"Ann. Inst. Pasteur"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_130_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1994.tb00336.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_131_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.184.4.1019-1027.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_132_2","first-page":"695","volume":"44","year":"1975","unstructured":"Muller-Eberhard, H.J. 1975. Complement. Annu. Rev. Biochem.44:695-724.","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_133_2","unstructured":"Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute \u201cMicrobe \u201d Saratov Russia. 1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_134_2","unstructured":"Naumov A. V. and L. V. Samoilova. 1992. Laboratory diagnostics of plague. Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute \u201cMicrobe \u201d Saratov Russia."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_135_2","unstructured":"Naumov A. V. M. Yu. Ledvanov I. G. Drozdov. 1992 . Plague immunology. Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute \u201cMicrobe \u201d Saratov Russia."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_136_2","unstructured":"All-Union Research Anti-Plague Institute\u201c Microbe \u201d Saratov USSR. 1972"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_137_2","first-page":"22","year":"1991","unstructured":"Panfertsev, E. A., P. A. Cherepanov, and G. A. Karimova. 1991. Construction of Yersinia pestis strains defective in pH6 synthesis, p.22 -24. In R. V. Borovik (ed.), Proceedings of the XIV Scientific and Practical Conference on new technologies and biosystems: Achievements and perspectives. Medbioekonomika Press, Obolensk, USSR.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the XIV Scientific and Practical Conference on new technologies and biosystems: Achievements and perspectives"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_138_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35097083"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_139_2","first-page":"37","volume":"39","year":"1994","unstructured":"Pasiukov, V. V., I. V. Ryzhko, R. I. Tsuraeva, E. D. Samokhodkina, and N. V. Roshchina. 1994 . Cefoperazone in the prevention and treatment of experimental plague caused by typical and fraction 1-free pathogen strains in white mice. Antibiot. Khimioter.39:37-40.","journal-title":"Antibiot. Khimioter."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_140_2","first-page":"37","volume":"10","year":"1979","unstructured":"Pautov, V. N., I. V. Chicherin, V. I. Evstigneev, A. A. Byvalov, and O. A. Kedrov. 1979 . Experimental protection of fraction 1 by the plague microbe. Zh. Mikrobiol. Epidemiol. Immunobiol.10:37-42.","journal-title":"Zh. Mikrobiol. Epidemiol. Immunobiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_141_2","first-page":"5","volume":"42","year":"1975","unstructured":"Peisakhis, L. A., and V. M. Stepanov. 1975. Intraspecific classification of the plague pathogen subject to geographical zoning. Probl. Particularly Dangerous Infect.42:5-9.","journal-title":"Particularly Dangerous Infect."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_142_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.10.1.35"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_143_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.40.1.166-171.1983"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_144_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.10.4611-4623.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_145_2","unstructured":"Petrovskaya V. G. 1967. The problem of bacterial virulence. Meditsina Press Leningrad USSR."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_146_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800029228","volume":"101","year":"1988","unstructured":"Phillips, A. P., B. C. Morris, D. Hall, M. Glenister, and J. E. Williams. 1988. Identification of encapsulated and non-encapsulated Yersinia pestis by immunofluorescence tests using polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies.Epidemiol. Infect.101:59-73.","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_147_2","first-page":"1","volume":"22","year":"1954","unstructured":"Pollitzer, R. 1954. Plague. W. H. O. Monogr. Ser.22:1-698.","journal-title":"W. H. O. Monogr. Ser."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_148_2","first-page":"198","volume":"34","year":"1998","unstructured":"Popov, I. A., I. I. Iashechkin, and I. G. Drozdov. 1998. Molecular genetic analysis of DNA structure of pFra plasmids in plague pathogen of varying biovar.Genetika34:198-205.","journal-title":"Genetika"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_149_2","first-page":"20","year":"1980","unstructured":"Popov, Y. A., O. A. Protsenko, P. I. Anisimov, A. M. Kokushkin, and O. T. Mozharov. 1980 . Detection of pesticinogenic plasmids in Yersinia pestis by agarose gel electrophoresis, p.20 -25. In P. I. Anisimov (ed.), Prophylaxis of particularly dangerous infections. Communist Press, Saratov, USSR.","journal-title":"Prophylaxis of particularly dangerous infections"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_150_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/096805199500200203"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_151_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.148.3.877-883.1981"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_152_2","unstructured":"Poshevina G. O. 1974. On the biology of the plague pathogen from Muyun Kum Desert. Ph.D. thesis. Institute of Ministry of Public Health of Kazakh SSR for Epidemiology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Alma-Ata USSR."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_153_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.183.8.2586-2594.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_154_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1006\/mcpr.2002.0420","volume":"16","year":"2002","unstructured":"Prior, J. L., and R. W. Titball. 2002. Monoclonal antibodies against Yersinia pestis lipopolysaccharide detect bacteria cultured at 28C or 37C. Mol. Cell. Probes16:251-256.","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Probes"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_155_2","first-page":"1081","volume":"19","year":"1983","unstructured":"Protsenko, O. A., P. I. Anisimov, O. T. Mozharov, N. P. Konnov, and I. A. Popov. 1983 . Detection and characterization of the plasmids of the plague microbe which determine the synthesis of pesticin 1, fraction 1 antigen and \u201cmouse\u201d toxin exotoxin.Genetika19:1081-1090.","journal-title":"Genetika"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_156_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-148-6-1687"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_157_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.67.8.3759-3762.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_158_2","unstructured":"Rall Y. M. 1965. Natural focality and epizootology of plague. Meditsina Moscow USSR."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_159_2","first-page":"213","volume":"11","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rider, T. H., M. S. Petrovick, F. E. Nargi, J. D. Harper, E. D. Schwoebel, R. H. Mathews, D. J. Blanchard, L. T. Bortolin, A. M. Young, J. Chen, and M. A. Hollis. 2003. A B cell-based sensor for rapid identification of pathogens. Science11:213-215.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_160_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.2.446-451.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_161_2","unstructured":"Rudnev G. P. 1940. Clinical picture of plague. Medgiz Moscow USSR."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_162_2","first-page":"481","volume":"63","year":"1997","unstructured":"Russell, A. D., J. R. Furr, and J.-Y. Maillard. 1997 . Microbial susceptibility and resistance to biocides.ASM News63:481-487.","journal-title":"ASM News"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_163_2","first-page":"24","volume":"43","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ryzhko, I. V., E. D. Samokhodkina, R. I. Tsuraeva, A. I. Shcherbaniuk, and N. S. Tsetskhladze. 1998. Characteristics of etiotropic therapy of plague infection induced by atypical strains of F1\u2212 phenotype plague microbe. Antibiot. Khimioter.43:24-28.","journal-title":"Antibiot. Khimioter."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_164_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-45-6-440"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_165_2","first-page":"26","volume":"37","year":"1992","unstructured":"Samokhodkina, E. D., I. V. Ryzhko, A. I. Shcherbaniuk, I. V. Kasatkina, R. I. Tsuraeva, and T. A. Zhigalova. 1992. Doxycycline in the prevention of experimental plague induced by plague microbe variants. Ant. Khimioter.37:26-28.","journal-title":"Ant. Khimioter."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_166_2","first-page":"20","volume":"39","year":"1994","unstructured":"Samokhodkina, E. D., I. V. Ryzhko, R. I. Tsuraeva, and V. V. Pasiukov. 1994. Beta-lactam antibiotics (ampicillin, cefotaxime) in prevention of experimental plague in albino mice, caused by non-fractioned strains of the pathogen. Antibiot. Khimioter.39:20-23.","journal-title":"Antibiot. Khimioter."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_167_2","unstructured":"Samygin V. M. 1982. Characterization of Yersinia pestis strains from the Volga-Ural sandy natural focus and right-bank flood-lands of the Ural River. Ph.D. thesis. All-Union Research Anti-Plague Institute \u201cMicrobe \u201d Saratov USSR."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_168_2","unstructured":"Serdyukova T. V. 1991. Biological peculiarities of the plague pathogen from the Central-Caucasian natural focus. Ph.D. thesis. Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute \u201cMicrobe \u201c Saratov Russia."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_169_2","unstructured":"Shvedun G. P. O. P. Plotnikov O. T. Mozharov T. K. Merkulova and O. G. Shishkina. 1990 . Evaluation of genetic tests as criteria for the choice of type and reference strains for individual natural plague foci p. 43-47. In Laboratory diagnostics and genetics of virulence of the agents of particularly dangerous infections. All-Union Research Anti-Plague Institute\u201c Microbe \u201d Saratov USSR."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_170_2","unstructured":"Sludskii A. A. 1998. Vole type of natural plague foci (structure and function). Sc.D. thesis. Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute \u201cMicrobe \u201d Saratov Russia."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_171_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20020908"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_172_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.7.4627-4638.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_173_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1439793"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_174_2","unstructured":"Stepanov V. M. 1975. Nutrition factors and their roles in manifestation of virulence and immunogenicity of the plague pathogen. Sc.D. thesis. Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute\u201c Microbe \u201d Saratov USSR."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_175_2","unstructured":"Stepanov V. M. L. N. Klassovskii and G. Y. Pak. 1981 . Studying of the influence of epizootic process phase upon Yersinia pestis changeability p.110 -112. In Proceedings of the 11th Inter-Republic Scientific and Practical Conference of Anti-Plague Establishments of Central Asia and Kazakhstan on Plague Prophylaxis. Research Anti-Plague Institute of Central Asia Alma-Ata USSR."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_176_2","first-page":"18","volume":"4","year":"2002","unstructured":"Suchkov, I. Yu., B. N. Mishankin, S. O. Vodopyanov, L. M. Smolikova, and M. V. Shishiyanu. 2002 . Genotyping of Yersinia pestis: variability of locus (CAAA)N in natural strains isolated in areas of the former Soviet Union. Mol. Gen. Mikrobiol. Virusol.4:18-21.","journal-title":"Mol. Gen. Mikrobiol. Virusol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_177_2","first-page":"1","volume":"23","year":"2002","unstructured":"Tan, J, Y. Liu, E. Shen, W. Zhu, W. Wang, R. Li, and L. Yang. 2002 . Towards the atlas of plague and its environment in the People's Republic of China: idea, principle and methodology of design and research results. Huan Jing Ke Xue23:1-8.","journal-title":"Huan Jing Ke Xue"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_178_2","first-page":"84","volume":"74","year":"1994","unstructured":"Tarasov, M. A., L. T. V. Khyong, N. I. Suntsova, and V. V. Suntsov. 1994. Data on population ecology of background flea species (Insecta, Aphaniptera) and plague vectors in the south part of Viet Nam. Probl. Particularly Dangerous Infect.74:84-89.","journal-title":"Particularly Dangerous Infect."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_179_2","first-page":"15","volume":"23","year":"1972","unstructured":"Timofeeva, L. A. 1972. On taxonomy of the plague pathogen. Probl. Particularly Dangerous Infect.23:15-22.","journal-title":"Particularly Dangerous Infect."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_180_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(01)00163-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_181_2","unstructured":"Toporkov V. P. A. V. Podsvirov and K. B. Yashkulov. 1999. Ecological-epidemiological monitoring of predictors of extreme epidemic situations in the natural plague focus situated at the northwest from the Caspian Sea. Center for State Epidemiologic Control of Kalmyk Republic Elista Kalmykia."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_182_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M106961200"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_183_2","first-page":"3","volume":"6","year":"1957","unstructured":"Tumanskii, V. M. 1957. On classification of varieties of the plague pathogen. Zh. Mikrobiol. Epidemiol. Immunobiol.6:3-7.","journal-title":"Zh. Mikrobiol. Epidemiol. Immunobiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_184_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.43.3.895-900.1984"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_185_2","unstructured":"Velichko L. N. and A. M. Kokushkin. 1997. Frequency of isolation of atypical Yersinia pestis strains in the natural plague foci p. 21. In Proceedings of the Scientific and Practical Conference dedicated to the centenary of the Russian Antiplague Service vol. 1.Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute \u201cMicrobe \u201d Saratov Russia."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_186_2","unstructured":"Vershinina T. I. 1986. On population heterogeneity of the plague pathogen from the natural foci of Mountain Altai and northwestern Mongolia. Ph.D. thesis. All-Union Research Anti-Plague Institute \u201cMicrobe \u201d Saratov USSR."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_187_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6215(02)00074-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_188_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/mpat.1997.0154"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_189_2","first-page":"299","volume":"13","year":"1995","unstructured":"Welkos, S. L., K. M. Davis, L. M. Pitt, P. L. Worsham, and A. M. Friedlander. 1995 . Studies on the contribution of the F1 capsule-associated plasmid pFra to the virulence of Yersinia pestis. Contrib. Microbiol. Immunol.13:299-305.","journal-title":"Contrib. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_190_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(02)00119-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_191_2","unstructured":"Westphal O. and K. Jann. 1965. Bacterial lipopolysaccharides: extraction with phenol-water and further application of the procedure vol. 5. Academic Press Inc. New York N.Y."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_192_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01949752"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_193_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.68.3.262"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_194_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2001.01497.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_195_2","first-page":"408","volume":"23","year":"1960","unstructured":"Winter, C. C., W. B. Cherry, and M. D. Moody. 1960 . An unusual strain of Pasteurella pestis isolated from a fatal human case of plague. Bull. W. H. O.23:408-409.","journal-title":"Bull. W. H. O."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_196_2","first-page":"325","volume":"13","year":"1995","unstructured":"Worsham, P. L., M.-P. Stein, and S. L. Welkos. 1995 . Construction of defined F1 negative mutants of virulent Yersinia pestis. Contrib. Microbiol. Immunol.13:325-328.","journal-title":"Contrib. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_197_2","unstructured":"Zakharov A. I. 1989. Studies of the biology of the plague pathogen from Uralo-Embenskii autonomous focus. Ph.D. thesis. All-Union Research Anti-Plague Institute \u201cMicrobe \u201d Saratov USSR."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_198_2","first-page":"27","volume":"2","year":"1993","unstructured":"Zao, M., Z. Ceng, C. Zang, Y. He, and G Thang. 1993. The plasmid profile of Yersinia pestis strains in different natural foci of plague in the People's Republic of China.Zh. Mikrobiol. Epidemiol. Immunobiol.2:27-31.","journal-title":"Zh. Mikrobiol. Epidemiol. Immunobiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_199_2","unstructured":"Zharinova N. V. A. F. Bryukhanov V. V. Zarubin G. D. Bryukhanova and Ch. B. Ulukhanov. 2002 . Attributes of strains isolated from Central-Caucasian natural plague focus in 1999-2001 p.99 -100. In Proceedings of the Jubilee Scientific and Practical Conference on Epidemiological Safety at the Caucasus devoted to the fiftieth anniversary of the Stavrapol' Research Anti-Plague Institute. Stavrapol' Research Anti-Plague Institute Stavrapol' Russia."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_200_2","unstructured":"Zudina I. V. 2000. Genetic characterization of the chromosomal pigmentation region of five Yersinia pestis subspecies. Ph.D. thesis. Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute\u201c Microbe \" Saratov Russia."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.17.3.695.2004","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,1]],"date-time":"2004-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1088640000000}}],"container-title":["Clinical Microbiology Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/CMR.17.2.434-464.2004","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/CMR.17.2.434-464.2004","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]],"date-time":"2023-04-28T07:56:52Z","timestamp":1682668612000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/CMR.17.2.434-464.2004"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,4]]},"references-count":199,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/CMR.17.2.434-464.2004"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/cmr.17.2.434-464.2004","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1128\/CMR.17.3.695.2004","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0893-8512","1098-6618"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0893-8512","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-6618","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2004-04-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}