{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T22:57:00Z","timestamp":1791068220835,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,1]],"date-time":"2004-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1096588800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Microbiol Rev"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>Infections with the sexually transmitted protozoan<jats:italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/jats:italic>are usually treated with metronidazole, a 5-nitroimidazole drug derived from the antibiotic azomycin. Metronidazole treatment is generally efficient in eliminating<jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic>infection and has a low risk of serious side effects. However, studies have shown that at least 5% of clinical cases of trichomoniasis are caused by parasites resistant to the drug. The lack of approved alternative therapies for<jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic>treatment means that higher and sometimes toxic doses of metronidazole are the only option for patients with resistant disease. Clearly, studies of the treatment and prevention of refractory trichomoniasis are essential. This review describes the mechanisms of metronidazole resistance in<jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic>and provides a summary of trichomonicidal and vaccine candidate drugs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.17.4.783-793.2004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,15]],"date-time":"2004-10-15T19:03:27Z","timestamp":1097867007000},"page":"783-793","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":236,"title":["Treatment of Infections Caused by Metronidazole-Resistant<i>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Sarah L.","family":"Cudmore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology and Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiera L.","family":"Delgaty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology and Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon F.","family":"Hayward-McClelland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology and Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dino P.","family":"Petrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology and Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary E.","family":"Garber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology and Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.64.9.3571-3575.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","first-page":"13","volume":"7","year":"1963","unstructured":"Aburel, E., G. 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