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Therefore, accurate tools are absolutely required for field diagnosis. For\n              <jats:italic>T. b. gambiense<\/jats:italic>\n              HAT, highly sensitive tests are available for serological screening but the sensitivity of parasitological confirmatory tests remains insufficient and needs to be improved. Screening for\n              <jats:italic>T. b. rhodesiense<\/jats:italic>\n              infection still relies on clinical features in the absence of serological tests available for field use. Ongoing research is opening perspectives for a new generation of field diagnostics. Also essential for both forms of HAT is accurate determination of the disease stage because of the high toxicity of melarsoprol, the drug most widely used during the neurological stage of the illness. Recent studies have confirmed the high accuracy of raised immunoglobulin M levels in the cerebrospinal fluid for the staging of\n              <jats:italic>T. b. gambiense<\/jats:italic>\n              HAT, and a promising simple assay (LATEX\/IgM) is being tested in the field. Apart from the urgent need for better tools for the field diagnosis of this neglected disease, improved access to diagnosis and treatment for the population at risk remains the greatest challenge for the coming years.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.18.1.133-146.2005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,14]],"date-time":"2005-01-14T21:37:05Z","timestamp":1105738625000},"page":"133-146","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":281,"title":["Options for Field Diagnosis of Human African Trypanosomiasis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Franc\u0327ois","family":"Chappuis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Me\u0301decins Sans Frontie\u0300res, Swiss and French sections"},{"name":"Travel and Migration Medicine Unit, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland"},{"name":"World Health Organization, Yaounde\u0301, Cameroon"},{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louis","family":"Loutan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Me\u0301decins Sans Frontie\u0300res, Swiss and French sections"},{"name":"Travel and Migration Medicine Unit, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland"},{"name":"World Health Organization, Yaounde\u0301, Cameroon"},{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pere","family":"Simarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Me\u0301decins Sans Frontie\u0300res, Swiss and French sections"},{"name":"Travel and Migration Medicine Unit, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland"},{"name":"World Health Organization, Yaounde\u0301, Cameroon"},{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veerle","family":"Lejon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Me\u0301decins Sans Frontie\u0300res, Swiss and French sections"},{"name":"Travel and Migration Medicine Unit, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland"},{"name":"World Health Organization, Yaounde\u0301, Cameroon"},{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Bu\u0308scher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Me\u0301decins Sans Frontie\u0300res, Swiss and French sections"},{"name":"Travel and Migration Medicine Unit, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland"},{"name":"World Health Organization, Yaounde\u0301, Cameroon"},{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(92)90234-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","first-page":"141","volume":"54","year":"1976","unstructured":"Aiyedun, B. 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