{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T22:18:58Z","timestamp":1793917138621,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":233,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,1]],"date-time":"2006-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1143849600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Microbiol Rev"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>The recent explosion of newly described species of<jats:italic>Nocardia<\/jats:italic>results from the impact in the last decade of newer molecular technology, including PCR restriction enzyme analysis and 16S rRNA sequencing. These molecular techniques have revolutionized the identification of the nocardiae by providing rapid and accurate identification of recognized nocardiae and, at the same time, revealing new species and a number of yet-to-be-described species. There are currently more than 30 species of nocardiae of human clinical significance, with the majority of isolates being<jats:italic>N. nova<\/jats:italic>complex,<jats:italic>N. abscessus<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>N. transvalensis<\/jats:italic>complex,<jats:italic>N. farcinica<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>N. asteroides<\/jats:italic>type VI (<jats:italic>N. cyriacigeorgica<\/jats:italic>), and<jats:italic>N. brasiliensis<\/jats:italic>. These species cause a wide variety of diseases and have variable drug susceptibilities. Accurate identification often requires referral to a reference laboratory with molecular capabilities, as many newer species are genetically distinct from established species yet have few or no distinguishing phenotypic characteristics. Correct identification is important in deciding the clinical relevance of a species and in the clinical management and treatment of patients with nocardial disease. This review characterizes the currently known pathogenic species of<jats:italic>Nocardia<\/jats:italic>, including clinical disease, drug susceptibility, and methods of identification.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.19.2.259-282.2006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,13]],"date-time":"2006-04-13T19:39:45Z","timestamp":1144957185000},"page":"259-282","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1000,"title":["Clinical and Laboratory Features of the<i>Nocardia<\/i>spp. Based on Current Molecular Taxonomy"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Barbara A.","family":"Brown-Elliott","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas Health Center, Department of Microbiology, Tyler, Texas"},{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia"},{"name":"National Institutes of Health, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"June M.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas Health Center, Department of Microbiology, Tyler, Texas"},{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia"},{"name":"National Institutes of Health, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia S.","family":"Conville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas Health Center, Department of Microbiology, Tyler, Texas"},{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia"},{"name":"National Institutes of Health, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"Richard J.","family":"Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas Health Center, Department of Microbiology, Tyler, Texas"},{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia"},{"name":"National Institutes of Health, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.52.5.492"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.02020-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"10","year":"1993","unstructured":"Anderson, D. W., and G. Y. Minamoto. 1993. Nocardia infection in HIV disease. AIDS Reader. January\/February:10-14.","journal-title":"AIDS Reader"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/155.2.292"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.25.12.2278-2280.1987"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1973.03220240028007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0196-6553(86)90120-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.7.2.213"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/134.3.286"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","first-page":"395","volume":"49","year":"1944","unstructured":"Benbow, E. P., Jr., D. T. Smith, and K. S. Grimson. 1944. Sulfonamide therapy in actinomycosis: two cases caused by aerobic partially acid-fast actinomyces. Am. Rev. Tuberc.49:395-407.","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Tuberc."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/am.25.4.665-681.1973"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.32.7.1078"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.1.103-107.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0732-8893(94)90120-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.1.118-122.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.10.3.308-312.1979"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.11.5325-5326.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.28.2.328-331.1990"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00442770"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01989975"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.30.4.1033-1035.1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/517180"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","first-page":"5.12.1","year":"1992","unstructured":"Brown, B. A., and R. J. Wallace, Jr. 1992. Broth microdilution MIC test for Nocardia spp., p. 5.12.1-5.12.9 In H. D. Isenberg (ed.), Clinical microbiology procedures handbook. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.","journal-title":"Clinical microbiology procedures handbook"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","first-page":"370","year":"2003","unstructured":"Brown, J. M., and M. M. McNeil. 2003. Nocardia, Rhodococcus, Gordonia, Actinomadura, Streptomyces, and other aerobic actinomycetes, p. 370-398. In P. R. Murray, E. J. Baron, J. H. Jorgensen, M. A. Pfaller, and R. H. Yolken (ed.), Manual of clinical microbiology, 8th ed. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.","journal-title":"Manual of clinical microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.8.3655-3660.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.28.9.2082-2086.1990"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.4.1295-1297.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00019048-199901000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.25.11.2126-2131.1987"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01103766"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-29-4-407"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-4886(03)00337-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","first-page":"74","volume":"5","year":"1990","unstructured":"Chapman, S. W., and J. P. Wilson. 1990. Nocardiosis in transplant recipients. Semin. Respir. Infect.5:74-79.","journal-title":"Semin. Respir. Infect."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-45-2-240"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-48-3-901"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/20.5.1266"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.17.4.840-862.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","first-page":"284.186","volume":"19","year":"1984","unstructured":"Climenhaga, D. B., A. C. Tokarewicz, and N. R. Willis. 1984. Nocardia keratitis. Can. J. Ophthalmol.19:284.186.","journal-title":"Can. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.2.578-584.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-100-2-221"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.11.5139-5145.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.6.2560-2568.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.1.158-164.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinmicnews.2004.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.6.2881-2885.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1201-9712(03)90102-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.4.1921-1924.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","first-page":"135","volume":"55","year":"1975","unstructured":"Cox, F., and W. T. Hughes. 1975. Contagious and other aspects of nocardiosis in the compromised host. Pediatrics55:135-138.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","first-page":"249","volume":"42","year":"1952","unstructured":"Demaree, J. B., and N. R. Smith. 1952. Nocardia vaccinii n. sp. causing galls on blueberry plants. Phythopathology42:249-252.","journal-title":"Phythopathology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1368-5031.2004.0133.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/341416"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1797.2001.00068.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.9.3532-3534.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","first-page":"287","volume":"9","year":"1891","unstructured":"Eppinger, H. 1891. Uber eine neue pathogene Cladothrix und eine durch sie hervorgerufene Pseudotuberculosis (Cladothrichica). Beitr. Pathol. Anat. Allg. Pathol.9:287-328.","journal-title":"Beitr. Pathol. Anat. Allg. Pathol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","first-page":"5","volume":"203","year":"1935","unstructured":"Erikson, D. 1935. The pathogenic aerobic organisms of the Actinomyces group. Med. Res. Council Species Rep. Ser.203:5-61.","journal-title":"Med. Res. Council Species Rep. Ser."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","unstructured":"Euz\u00e8by J. P. 14 May 2005 accession date. List of bacterial names with standing in nomenclature. [Online.] http:\/\/www.bacterio.cict.fr\/n\/nocardia.html ."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.4.1014-1016.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365549509018968"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","first-page":"416.418","volume":"67","year":"2004","unstructured":"Feng, Y.-H., W.-T. Huang, and C.-J. Tsao. 2004. Venous access port-related Nocardia bacteremia with successful short-term antibiotics treatment. J. Chin. Med. Assoc.67:416.418.","journal-title":"J. Chin. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200107000-00015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","first-page":"457","year":"2001","unstructured":"Filice, G. A. 2001. Nocardiosis, p. 457-466. In M. S. Niederman, G. A. Sarosi, and J. Glassroth (ed.), Respiratory infections, 2nd ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, Pa.","journal-title":"Respiratory infections"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.31.11.3040-3041.1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-42-1-166"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2323\/jgam.22.151"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-48-1-237"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1992.tb121509.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1948.72890200010006b"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.30.2.270"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.34.9.1766"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","first-page":"1188","year":"1992","unstructured":"Goodfellow, M. 1992. The family Nocardiaceae, p. 1188-1213. In A. Balows, H. G. Truper, M. Dworkin, W. Harden, and K. H. Schleifer (ed.), The prokaryotes, 2nd ed. Springer-Verlag, New York, N.Y.","journal-title":"The prokaryotes"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","first-page":"7","year":"1984","unstructured":"Goodfellow, M., and T. Cross. 1984. Classification, p. 7-164. In M. Goodfellow, M. Mordarski, and S. T. Williams (ed.), Biology of the actinomycetes. Academic Press, Inc. (London), Ltd., London, United Kingdom.","journal-title":"Biology of the actinomycetes"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","first-page":"2350","volume":"4","year":"1989","unstructured":"Goodfellow, M., and M. P. Lechevalier. 1989. Genus Nocardia Trevisan 1889, p. 2350-2361. In J. G. Holt, S. T. Williams, and M. E. Sharpe (ed.), Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology, vol. 4. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, Md.","journal-title":"Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_2","first-page":"503","volume":"128","year":"1982","unstructured":"Goodfellow, M., and T. Pirouz. 1982. Numerical classification of sporoactinomycetes containing meso-diaminopimelic acid in the cell wall. J. Gen. Microbiol.128:503-507.","journal-title":"J. Gen. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-27-3-176"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.73.1.15-27.1957"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-27-1-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1962.tb30585.x","volume":"98","year":"1962","unstructured":"Gordon, R. E., and J. M. Mihm. 1962. Identification of Nocardia caviae (Erickson) nov. comb. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.98:628-636.","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-109-1-69"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_2","first-page":"74","volume":"73","year":"1928","unstructured":"Gray, P. H. H., and H. G. Thornton. 1928. Soil bacteria that decompose certain aromatic compounds. Zentbl. Bakteriol. Parasitenkd. Infektionskrankh. Hyg. Abt. II73:74-96.","journal-title":"Hyg. Abt. II"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-51-3-933"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(89)80355-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.2.625-630.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0195-6701(88)90117-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0195-6701(80)90029-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-197505000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0406410101"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-49-2-833"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-49-3-1227"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1078\/0723-2020-00084"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_91_2","first-page":"932","volume":"133","year":"1986","unstructured":"Jonsson, S., R. J. Wallace, Jr., S. I. Hull, and D. M. Musher. 1986. Recurrent Nocardia pneumonia in an adult with chronic granulomatous disease. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis.133:932-934.","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-005-4487-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.02676-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:MYCO.0000020588.60081.37"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3209\/saj.18_27"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2004.tb03613.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.6.2366-2371.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.63061-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.63074-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.02794-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2004.tb03523.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_102_2","first-page":"21","volume":"46","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kageyama, A., K. Yazawa, K. Nishimura, and Y. Mikami. 2004. Nocardia anaemiae sp. nov. isolated from an immunocompromised patient and the first isolation report of Nocardia vinacea from humans. Jpn. J. Med. Mycol.46:21-26.","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Med. Mycol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(85)70154-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.02841-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.30.5.1320-1322.1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.37.4.882"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_107_2","first-page":"656","volume":"90","year":"1991","unstructured":"Kim, J., G. Y. Minamoto, C. D. Hoy, and M. H. Grieco. 1991. Presumptive cerebral Nocardia asteroides infection in AIDS: treatment with ceftriaxone and minocycline. Am. J. Med.90:656-657.","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-52-5-1825","volume":"52","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kim, K. K., A. Roth, S. Andrees, S. T. Lee, and R. M. Kroppenstedt. 2002. Nocardia pseudovaccinii sp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol.52:1825-1829.","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_109_2","first-page":"150","volume":"22","year":"1991","unstructured":"King, L. P., W. B. Furlong, W. S. Gilbert, and C. Levy. 1991. Nocardia asteroides infection following scleral buckling. Opthalmic Surgery22:150-152.","journal-title":"Opthalmic Surgery"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3209\/saj.15_1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1978.49.6.0924"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.4.1346-1351.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0732-8893(93)90079-M"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/12.3.393"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/313941"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-199807000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-38-2-173"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00362176885190491"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.5.1079-1082.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.1.99-102.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_121_2","first-page":"1458","volume":"2","year":"1986","unstructured":"Lechevalier, H. A. 1986. Nocardioforms, p. 1458-1471. In J. C. Holt (ed.), Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology, vol. 2. The Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore, Md.","journal-title":"Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_122_2","first-page":"625","year":"1994","unstructured":"Lechevalier, H. A., and M. A. Goodfellow. 1994. Nocardio-form actinomycetes, p. 625-652. In J. G. Holt, N. R. Krieg, P. H. A. Sneath, J. T. Staley, and S. T. Williams (ed.), Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology, 9th ed. The Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore, Md.","journal-title":"Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_123_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-26-1-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_124_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/22.6.891"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_125_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1078\/0723-2020-00270"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_126_2","first-page":"265","volume":"13","year":"1908","unstructured":"Lindenberg, Le D' A. 1908-1909. Un nouveau myc\u00e9tome. Arch. Parasitol.13:265-282.","journal-title":"Arch. Parasitol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_127_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-51-5-1621"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_128_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01715551"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_129_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46651993000400013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_130_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46651994000500003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_131_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.35.6.1582-1584.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_132_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0732-8893(94)90128-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_133_2","first-page":"236","year":"1976","unstructured":"Magnusson, M. 1976. Sensitin tests as an aid in the taxonomy of Nocardia and its pathogenicity, p. 236-265. In M. Goodfellow, G. H. Brownell, and J. A. Jerrano (ed.), The biology of the nocardiae. Academic Press, Inc. (London), Ltd., London, United Kingdom.","journal-title":"The biology of the nocardiae"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_134_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010230632040"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_135_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-0711-3-24"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_136_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.35.6.1361-1368.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_137_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.7.3.357"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_138_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clind\/15.3.453"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_139_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00019048-199507000-00011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_140_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/12.5.778"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_141_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/165.1.175"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_142_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/597646"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_143_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1078\/1438-4221-00271"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_144_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/am.18.4.686-687.1969"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_145_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.11.6.728-736.1980"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_146_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-71-1-77"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_147_2","first-page":"91","volume":"6","year":"1978","unstructured":"Mordarski, M., K. Schaal, A. Tkacz, G. Pulverer, K. Szyba, and M. Goodfellow. 1978. Deoxyribonucleic acid base composition and homology studies of Nocardia. Zentbl. Bakteriol. Suppl.6:91-97.","journal-title":"Zentbl. Bakteriol. Suppl."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_148_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/345907"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_149_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.35.12.3240-3243.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_150_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.25.10.2010-2011.1987"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_151_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.26.6.1219-1220.1988"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_152_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/338869"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_153_2","unstructured":"NCCLS. 2003. Susceptibility testing of mycobacteria nocardiae and other aerobic actinomycetes. Approved standard. NCCLS document M24-A. NCCLS Wayne Pa."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_154_2","first-page":"293","volume":"2","year":"1888","unstructured":"Nocard, E. 1888. Note sur la maladie des boeufs de la Gouadeloupe connue sous le nom de farcin. Ann. Inst. Pasteur2:293-302.","journal-title":"Ann. Inst. Pasteur"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_155_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-197409000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_156_2","first-page":"120","volume":"24","year":"1989","unstructured":"Parsons, M. R., E. J. Holland, and P. J. Agapitos. 1989. Nocardia asteroides keratitis associated with extended-wear soft contact lenses. Can. J. Ophthalmol.24:120-122.","journal-title":"Can. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_157_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.1.246-251.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_158_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.6.2530-2540.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_159_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.30.5.1357-1360.1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_160_2","first-page":"698","volume":"103","year":"1971","unstructured":"Pier, A. C., and R. E. Fichtner. 1971. Serologic typing of Nocardia asteroides by immunodiffusion. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis.103:698-707.","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_161_2","first-page":"153","volume":"30","year":"1927","unstructured":"Pijper, A., and B. D. Pullinger. 1927. South African nocardioses. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.30:153-156.","journal-title":"J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_162_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.4.1705-1709.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_163_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/13500872-141-2-523"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_164_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-25-2-124"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_165_2","first-page":"293","volume":"49","year":"1974","unstructured":"Roberts, G. D., N. S. Brewer, and P. E. Hermans. 1974. Diagnosis of nocardiosis by blood culture. Mayo Clin. Proc.49:293-296.","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_166_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.10.4530-4535.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_167_2","first-page":"399","volume":"1","year":"1891","unstructured":"Rossi-Doria, T. 1891. Su di alcune specie di \u2018Streptothrix\u2019 trovate nellaria studiate in rapporto a quelle gi\u00e0 note e specialmente all' \u2018Actinomyces.\u2019 Ann. Ist. d'Igience Sperimentale Univ. Roma1:399-438.","journal-title":"Univ. Roma"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_168_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.2.851-856.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_169_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-46-1-259"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_170_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.02881-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_171_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.31.11.2901-2906.1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_172_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1979.03300040019015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_173_2","first-page":"1201","year":"2002","unstructured":"Saubolle, M. A. 2002. Aerobic actinomycetes, p. 1201-1220. In K. D. McClatchey (ed.), Clinical lab medicine, 2nd ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, Pa.","journal-title":"Clinical lab medicine"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_174_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.10.4497-4501.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_175_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0195-6701(91)90056-E"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_176_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(92)90560-C"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_177_2","first-page":"356","year":"1986","unstructured":"Septimus, E. J., and R. J. Wallace, Jr. 1986. Nocardial infection, p. 356-357. In E. H. Kass and R. Platt (ed.), Current therapy in infectious disease, 2nd ed. B. C. Decker Inc., Philadelphia, Pa.","journal-title":"Current therapy in infectious disease"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_178_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.8.5.516-519.1978"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_179_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/3.3.492"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_180_2","first-page":"85","volume":"64","year":"1924","unstructured":"Snijders, E. P. 1924. Cavia-scheefkopperij, een nocardiose. Geneeskundig Tijdschrift Nederlandsch-Indie64:85-87.","journal-title":"Geneeskundig Tijdschrift Nederlandsch-Indie"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_181_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-47-2-479"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_182_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.33.12.3096-3101.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_183_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.35.3.524"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_184_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.35.4.817-822.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_185_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(81)90302-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_186_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/151.5.895"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_187_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.31.2.175-178.1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_188_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-200209000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_189_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s100960050460"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_190_2","unstructured":"Trevisan V. 1889. Generi e le specie delle Batteriacee. Zanaboni and Gabuzzi Milan Italy."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_191_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-56-3-265"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_192_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-27-4-311"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_193_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1982.tb00260.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_194_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1982.tb00183.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_195_2","first-page":"327","volume":"24","year":"1980","unstructured":"Tsukamura, M., and M. Ohta. 1980. Nocardia farcinica as a pathogen of lung infection. Microbiol. Immunol.24:327-341.","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_196_2","unstructured":"Reference deleted."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_197_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1988.tb01415.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_198_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.10.3638-3648.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_199_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.47.6.487-493.1944"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_200_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/18.3.348"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_201_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/513654"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_202_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.12.3629-3630.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_203_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.56.12.966"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_204_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S021881040200114X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_205_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00019048-200106000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_206_2","first-page":"768","volume":"8","year":"1993","unstructured":"Wallace, R. J., Jr. 1993. Treatment options for nocardial infection in HIV patients. J. Crit. Illness8:768.","journal-title":"J. Crit. Illness"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_207_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.33.6.1528-1533.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_208_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.29.11.2407-2411.1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_209_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/156.6.959"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_210_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/140.2.244"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_211_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/135.4.568"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_212_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/4.2.315"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_213_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0732-8893(88)90025-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_214_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.32.12.1776"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_215_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.28.12.2726-2732.1990"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_216_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.23.1.19"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_217_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.03035-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_218_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-51-5-1783"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_219_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.6.2624-2628.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_220_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/314450"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_221_2","first-page":"206","volume":"197","year":"1985","unstructured":"Wilkerson, R. D., D. C. Taylor, S. M. Opal, and W. W. Curl. 1985. Nocardia asteroides sepsis of the knee. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res.197:206-208.","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_222_2","first-page":"695","volume":"32","year":"2001","unstructured":"Willis, M. S., D. Cavuoti, and R. Gander. 2001. Nocardia meningitis. Lab. Med.32:695-697.","journal-title":"Lab. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_223_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-198901000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_224_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.35.9.2235-2242.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_225_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-47-1-85"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_226_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.63189-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_227_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-40-2-170"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_228_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-50-2-803"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_229_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-50-4-1487"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_230_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-51-4-1419"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_231_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-51-6-2127"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_232_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.02593-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_233_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.02397-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_234_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.63133-0"}],"container-title":["Clinical Microbiology Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/CMR.19.2.259-282.2006","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/CMR.19.2.259-282.2006","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T11:30:17Z","timestamp":1736335817000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/CMR.19.2.259-282.2006"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,4]]},"references-count":233,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/CMR.19.2.259-282.2006"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/cmr.19.2.259-282.2006","relation":{},"ISSN":["0893-8512","1098-6618"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0893-8512","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-6618","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2006-04-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}