{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T06:36:40Z","timestamp":1792737400237,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":225,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,1]],"date-time":"2006-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1143849600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Microbiol Rev"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Botulism is a potentially lethal paralytic disease caused by botulinum neurotoxin. Human pathogenic neurotoxins of types A, B, E, and F are produced by a diverse group of anaerobic spore-forming bacteria, including Clostridium botulinum groups I and II, Clostridium butyricum, and Clostridium baratii. The routine laboratory diagnostics of botulism is based on the detection of botulinum neurotoxin in the patient. Detection of toxin-producing clostridia in the patient and\/or the vehicle confirms the diagnosis. The neurotoxin detection is based on the mouse lethality assay. Sensitive and rapid in vitro assays have been developed, but they have not yet been appropriately validated on clinical and food matrices. Culture methods for C. botulinum are poorly developed, and efficient isolation and identification tools are lacking. Molecular techniques targeted to the neurotoxin genes are ideal for the detection and identification of C. botulinum, but they do not detect biologically active neurotoxin and should not be used alone. Apart from rapid diagnosis, the laboratory diagnostics of botulism should aim at increasing our understanding of the epidemiology and prevention of the disease. Therefore, the toxin-producing organisms should be routinely isolated from the patient and the vehicle. The physiological group and genetic traits of the isolates should be determined.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.19.2.298-314.2006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,13]],"date-time":"2006-04-13T19:39:45Z","timestamp":1144957185000},"page":"298-314","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":385,"title":["Laboratory Diagnostics of Botulism"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Miia","family":"Lindstro\u0308m","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Environmental Hygiene, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannu","family":"Korkeala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Environmental Hygiene, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-003-2365-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2004.1.247"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.9.4342-4348.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.1.345-350.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.2.485-493.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","first-page":"1411","year":"1976","unstructured":"Anonymous. 1976. Botulism and sudden infant death. Lancetii:1411-1412.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","unstructured":"Anonymous. 2004. Botulism human Botox related USA (Florida). ProMED-mail 20041214.3310."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1472-765X.1997.00204.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/154.2.201"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","first-page":"601","year":"1989","unstructured":"Arnon, S. S. 1989. Infant botulism, p. 601. In S. M. Finegold and W. L. George (ed.), Anaerobic infections in humans. Academic Press, Inc., Toronto, Canada.","journal-title":"Anaerobic infections in humans"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","first-page":"1095","year":"1992","unstructured":"Arnon, S. S. 1992. Infant botulism, p. 1095-1102. In R. D. Feigen and J. D. Gerry (ed.) Textbook of pediatric infectious diseases, 3rd ed. Saunders, Philadelphia, Pa.","journal-title":"Textbook of pediatric infectious diseases"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/1.4.614"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1977.03270450036016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","first-page":"1273","year":"1978","unstructured":"Arnon, S. S., T. F. Midura, K. Damus, R. M. Wood, and J. Chin. 1978. Intestinal infection and toxin production by Clostridium botulinum as one cause of sudden infant death syndrome. Lanceti:1273-1277.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(85)90146-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","first-page":"2011","volume":"356","year":"2000","unstructured":"Athwal, B. S., A. N. Gale, M. M. Brett, and B. D. Youl. 2000. Wound botulism in UK. Lancet356:2011-2012.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","first-page":"234","volume":"357","year":"2001","unstructured":"Athwal, B. S., A. N. Gale, M. M. Brett, and B. D. Youl. 2001. Wound botulism in the UK. Lancet357:234.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/154.2.207"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200209000-00016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","first-page":"198","volume":"62","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bakheit, A. M. O., C. D. Ward, and C. L. McLellan. 1997. Generalized botulism-like syndrome after intramuscular injections of botulinum toxin type A: a report of two cases. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry62:198.","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.4.1713-1715.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.8.4280-4282.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/am.25.4.545-549.1973"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","first-page":"31","volume":"9","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bossi, P., A. Tegnell, A. Baka, A. Werner, F. van Loock, J. Hendriks, H. Maidhof, and G. Gouvras. 2004. Bichat guidelines for the clinical management of botulism and bioterrorism-related botulism. Eurosurveill. Monthly9:31-32.","journal-title":"Eurosurveill. Monthly"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","first-page":"192","volume":"20","year":"2001","unstructured":"Boyer, A., C. Girault, F. Bauer, J.-M. Korach, J. Salomon, E. Moirot, J. Leroy, and G. Bonmarchand. 2001. Two cases of foodborne botulism typeE and review of epidemiology in France. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.20:192-195.","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac050485f"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-64.2.201"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1472-765X.1998.00283.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.46000-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1472-765X.1998.00420.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.22.1.32-35.1985"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.10.038"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0923-2508(93)90042-Z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1965.tb02173.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","first-page":"1141","volume":"2","year":"1986","unstructured":"Cato, E. P., W. L. George, and S. M. Finegold. 1986. Genus Clostridium, p. 1141-1200. In P. H. A. Sneath, N. S. Mair, M. E. Sharpe, and J. G. Holt (ed.) Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology,Vol. 2. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, Md.","journal-title":"Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control. 1979. Botulism in the United States (1899-1977). Handbook for epidemiologists clinicians and laboratory workers. U.S. Department of Health Education and Welfare CDC Atlanta Ga."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control. 1987. Clostridium botulinum monovalent and polyvalent antitoxins. U.S. Department of Health Education and Welfare CDC Atlanta Ga."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","first-page":"RR","volume":"46","year":"1997","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1997. Case definitions for infectious conditions under public health surveillance. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep.46:RR-10.","journal-title":"Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1998. Botulism in the United States (1899-1996). Handbook for Epidemiologists clinicians and laboratory workers. U.S. Department of Health Education and Welfare CDC Atlanta Ga."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198607243150407"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.1997.00313.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/85.5.1025"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.67.10.4781-4788.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(02)00255-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.6.4.587-590.1972"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-61.8.988"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.19.5.645-648.1984"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.21.2.231-233.1985"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.20.3.379-383.1984"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.13.3.526-531.1981"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.66.12.5480-5483.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","first-page":"53","year":"1993","unstructured":"Dodds, K. L. 1993. Clostridium botulinum in foods, p. 53-68. In A. H. W. Hauschild and K. L. Dodds (ed.) Clostridium botulinum. Ecology and control in foods. Marcel Dekker, New York, N.Y.","journal-title":"Clostridium botulinum. Ecology and control in foods"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","first-page":"105","year":"1993","unstructured":"Dodds, K. L. 1993. Worldwide incidence and ecology of infant botulism, p. 105-117. In A. H. W. Hauschild and K. L. Dodds (ed.), Clostridrum botulinum. Ecology and control in foods. Marcel Dekker, New York, N.Y.","journal-title":"Clostridrum botulinum. Ecology and control in foods"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.32.1.105-111.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.31.9.2402-2409.1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.72.4.455-460.1956"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/am.15.6.1316-1323.1967"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.93.4.1461-1462.1967"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/anae.1999.0322"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-143-10-3337"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(94)00313-L"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.61.1.389-392.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1993.tb02771.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fach P. S. Perelle F. Dilasser J. Grout C. Dargaignaratz L. Botella J.-M. Gourreau F. Carlin M. R. Popoff and V. Broussolle. 2002. Detection by PCR-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of. Clostridium botulinum in fish and environmental samples from a coastal area in Northern France. 68 : 5870-5876.","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.68.12.5870-5876.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/313497"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20050855"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-4581.1998.tb00209.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-67.1.203"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/84.5.1460"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.42.6.1057-1061.1981"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/86.2.314"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M209821200"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.63.3.1148-1150.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.32.8.1911-1917.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.70.12.7192-7199.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_2","first-page":"103","volume":"154","year":"1991","unstructured":"Frankovich, T. L., and S. S. Arnon. 1991. Clinical trial of botulism immune globulin for infant botulism. West. J. Med.154:103.","journal-title":"West. J. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410200516"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-143-12-3841"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-68.7.1477"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1956.tb00056.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_2","first-page":"68","volume":"257","year":"1984","unstructured":"Gim\u00e9nez, D. F. 1984. Clostridium botulinum subtype Ba. Zentbl. Bakteriol. Parasitenkd. Infektkrankh. Hyg. Abt. 1 Orig. Reihe A257:68-72.","journal-title":"Zentbl. Bakteriol. Parasitenkd. Infektkrankh. Hyg. Abt. 1 Orig. Reihe A"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.18.6.1378-1383.1983"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.21.2.264-266.1985"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.59.7.2339-2342.1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1472-765X.1997.00348.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.19.6.915-916.1984"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0769-2609(86)80105-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2005.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.21.4.654-655.1985"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.8.1934-1938.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.6.2260-2262.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_93_2","first-page":"55","volume":"195","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hatheway, C. L. 1995. Botulism: the present status of the disease. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol.195:55-75.","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.25.12.2334-2338.1987"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.14.6.607-611.1981"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_96_2","first-page":"69","year":"1993","unstructured":"Hauschild, A. H. W. 1993. Epidemiology of human foodborne botulism, p. 69-104. In A. H. W. Hauschild and K. L. Dodds (ed.), Clostridium botulinum. Ecology and control in foods. Marcel Dekker, New York, N.Y.","journal-title":"Clostridium botulinum. Ecology and control in foods"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/m77-122"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.26.1.144-146.1988"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.64.2.703-708.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(99)00024-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1605(96)00984-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_102_2","first-page":"270","volume":"136","year":"1982","unstructured":"Hoffman, R. E., B. J. Pincomb, M. R. Skeels, and M. J. Burkhart. 1982. Type F infant botulism. Am. J. Dis. Child.136:270-271.","journal-title":"Am. J. Dis. Child."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_103_2","first-page":"278","year":"1970","unstructured":"Holdeman, L. V., and J. B. Brooks. 1970. Variation among strains of Clostridium botulinum, p. 278-286. In M. Herzberg (ed.), Proceedings of the 1st U. S.-Japan Conference of Toxic Microorganisms. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 1st U. S.-Japan Conference of Toxic Microorganisms"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_104_2","first-page":"1735","volume":"57","year":"1962","unstructured":"Holzer, V. E. 1962. Botulism from inhalation. Med. Klin.57:1735-1738.","journal-title":"Med. Klin."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_105_2","first-page":"79","volume":"38","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hoorfar, J., N. Cook, B. Malorny, M. Wagner, D. De Medici, A. Abdulmawjood, and P. Fach. 2003. Diagnostic PCR: making internal amplification controls mandatory. Lett. Appl. Microbiol.38:79-80.","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0463.2004.apm11211-1207.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.4.1941-1945.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-95-4-442"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.39.4.764-769.1980"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1993.tb06081.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00873087"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(99)00050-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.65.5.2057-2064.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_114_2","first-page":"150","volume":"21","year":"1985","unstructured":"Isacsohn, M., A. Cohen, P. Steiner, P. Rosenberg, and B. Rudensky. 1985. Botulism intoxication after surgery in the gut. Israel J. Med. Sci.21:150-153.","journal-title":"Israel J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_115_2","first-page":"108","year":"1967","unstructured":"Ito, K. A., D. J. Seslar, W. A. Mercer, and K. F. Meyer. 1967. The thermal and chlorine resistance of Clostridium botulinum types A, B, and E spores, p. 108-122. In M. Ingram and T. A. Roberts (ed.) Botulism 1966. Chapman and Hall, London, United Kingdom.","journal-title":"Botulism 1966"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_116_2","first-page":"2602","volume":"43","year":"2005","unstructured":"Johnson, E. A., W. H. Tepp, M. Bradshaw, R. J. Gilbert, P. E. Cook, and D. G. McIntosh. 2005. Characterization of Clostridium botulinum strains associated with an infant botulism case in the United Kingdom. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.43:2602-2607.","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_117_2","first-page":"964","volume":"91","year":"1966","unstructured":"Johnson, H. M., K. Brenner, R. Angelotti, and H. E. Hall. 1966. Serological studies of types A, B, and E botulinum toxins by passive hemagglutination and bentonite fluctuation. J. Bacteriol.91:964-974.","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-88-2-229"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_119_2","first-page":"586","volume":"133","year":"1979","unstructured":"Johnson, R. O., S. A. Clay, and S. S. Arnon. 1979. Diagnosis and management of infant botulism. Am. J. Dis. Child.133:586.","journal-title":"Am. J. Dis. Child."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-200X.1997.tb03750.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/60.3.541"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_122_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2004.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_123_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.3.1148-1154.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_124_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1097(03)00911-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_125_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(98)00080-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_126_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/fmic.2000.0346"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_127_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4347(95)00496-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_128_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/m74-059"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_129_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/m72-121"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_130_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-60-1-117"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_131_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-64-1-85"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_132_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0022-2747-34.10.492"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_133_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.61.12.4441-4447.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_134_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/153531404772914464"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_135_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.1999.tb01293.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_136_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.67.12.5694-5699.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_137_2","unstructured":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_138_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.69.7.4029-4036.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_139_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.70.5.2928-2934.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_140_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.70.5.2919-2927.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_141_2","first-page":"204","volume":"47","year":"1981","unstructured":"Lynt, R. K., D. A. Kautter, and H. M. Solomon. 1981. Heat resistance of proteolytic Clostridium botulinum type F in phosphate buffer and crabmeat. J. Food Sci.47:204.","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_142_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-45.5.466"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_143_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.1983.tb14829.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_144_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.29.5.874-878.1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_145_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(61)80047-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_146_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.26.5.1052-1054.1988"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_147_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.23.1.201-202.1986"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_148_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.29.11.2618-2620.1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_149_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.66.4.1423-1428.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_150_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.31.7.1845-1849.1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_151_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0928-4257(01)00086-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_152_2","first-page":"845","volume":"46","year":"1996","unstructured":"Mezaki, T., R. Kaji, N. Kohara, and J. Kimura. 1996. Development of general weakness in a patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis after focal botulinum toxin injection. Neurology46:845-846.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_153_2","first-page":"934","year":"1976","unstructured":"Midura, T. F., and S. S. Arnon. 1976. Infant botulism. Identification of Clostridium botulinum and its toxin in faeces. Lancetii:934-936.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_154_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/m75-136"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_155_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.4.2.126-129.1971"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_156_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.21.6.947-950.1985"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_157_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken1952.35.239"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_158_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0968-0004(93)90065-U"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_159_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1994.tb00396.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_160_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2002.2520_27.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_161_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(01)00615-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_162_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2005.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_163_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.3.1311-1317.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_164_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.1.511-513.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_165_2","unstructured":"Nordic Committee on Food Analysis. 1991. Botulinum toxin. Detection in foods blood and other test materials. Method no. 79 2nd ed. Nordic Committee on Food Analysis Espoo Finland."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_166_2","unstructured":"Nordic Committee on Food Analysis. 1991. Clostridium botulinum. Detection in foods and other test materials. Method no. 80 2nd ed. Nordic Committee on Food Analysis Espoo Finland."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_167_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken1952.31.81"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_168_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.17.2.402-407.1977"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_169_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.279.11.859"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_170_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-2244(97)01027-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_171_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.1992.tb00750.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_172_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.1992.tb00749.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_173_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.1993.tb01376.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_174_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.31.2.279-282.1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_175_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197609302951407"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_176_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(01)00288-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_177_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-56.10.856"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_178_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/60.3.563"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_179_2","first-page":"327","volume":"20","year":"1916","unstructured":"Robertson, M. 1916. Notes upon certain anaerobes isolated from wounds. J. Pathol. Bacteriol.20:327-340.","journal-title":"J. Pathol. Bacteriol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_180_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02898726"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_181_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-57.11.985"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_182_2","unstructured":"Saeed E. M. A. 2005. Studies on isolation and identification of Clostridium botulinum investigating field samples specially from equine grass sickness cases. Doctoral thesis University of G\u00f6ttingen G\u00f6ttingen Germany."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_183_2","first-page":"69","year":"1964","unstructured":"Schmidt, C. F. 1964. Spores of C. botulinum: formation, resistance, germination, p. 69-82. In K. H. Lewis and K. Cassel, Jr. (ed.), Botulism. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio.","journal-title":"Botulism"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_184_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.1961.tb00807.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_185_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.2001.5236"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_186_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/79.4.861"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_187_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-45.10.909"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_188_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/am.14.1.49-54.1966"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_189_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0773.1996.tb01376.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_190_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.7.3935-3941.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_191_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-68.6.1256"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_192_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.50.1.63-67.1985"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_193_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.50.4.1110-1111.1985"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_194_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-63.10.1347"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_195_2","unstructured":"Smelt J. P. P. M. 1980. Heat resistance of Clostridium botulinum in acid ingredients and its signification for the safety of chilled foods. Academic dissertation. University of Utrecht Utrecht The Netherlands."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_196_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1982.tb04375.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_197_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/am.29.5.590-594.1975"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_198_2","first-page":"74","volume":"15","year":"1978","unstructured":"Smith, L. D. S. 1978. The occurrence of Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium tetani in the soil of the United States. Health Lab. Sci.15:74-80.","journal-title":"Health Lab. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_199_2","first-page":"551","year":"1974","unstructured":"Smith, L. D. S., and G. Hobbs. 1974. Genus III: Clostridium. Prazmowski 1880, 23, p. 551-572. In R. E. Buchanan and N. E. Gibbons (ed.) Bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology, 8th ed. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, Md.","journal-title":"Bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_200_2","unstructured":"Smith L. D. S. and H. Sugiyama. 1988. Botulism. The organism its toxins the disease. Charles C. Thomas Springfield Ill."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_201_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.9.5450-5457.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_202_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1009.030745"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_203_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.49.3.644-649.1985"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_204_2","unstructured":"Bacteriological analytical manual online revision A 2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_205_2","unstructured":"Thermobacteriology in food processing 1973"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_206_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-38-4-375"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_207_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.18.1.13"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_208_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1994.tb01650.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_209_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(99)00168-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_210_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1996.tb03310.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_211_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.37.2.194-197.1979"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_212_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000166950.35189.5E"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_213_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/am.16.1.21-24.1968"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_214_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/19.24.6823"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_215_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/23.21.4407"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_216_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/318134"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_217_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.54.3.753-759.1988"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_218_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.1999.tb01300.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_219_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.65.9.3787-3792.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_220_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/18.22.6531"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_221_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2004.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_222_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu H. C. Y. L. Huang S. C. Lai Y. Y. Huang and M. F. Shaio. 2001. Detection of Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin type A using immuno-PCR. 32 : 321-325.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1472-765X.2001.00909.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_223_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken1952.43.19"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_224_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.35.8.2163-2164.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_225_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1992.tb02058.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_226_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2005.tb03755.x"}],"container-title":["Clinical Microbiology Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/CMR.19.2.298-314.2006","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/CMR.19.2.298-314.2006","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T10:36:04Z","timestamp":1645612564000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/CMR.19.2.298-314.2006"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,4]]},"references-count":225,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/CMR.19.2.298-314.2006"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/cmr.19.2.298-314.2006","relation":{},"ISSN":["0893-8512","1098-6618"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0893-8512","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-6618","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2006-04-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}