{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T04:18:30Z","timestamp":1774671510406,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1993,10,1]],"date-time":"1993-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":749433600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Microbiol Rev"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Direct infection of the central nervous system by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), the causative agent of AIDS, was not appreciated in the early years of the AIDS epidemic. Neurological complications associated with AIDS were largely attributed to opportunistic infections that arose as a result of the immunocompromised state of the patient and to depression. In 1985, several groups succeeded in isolating HIV-1 directly from brain tissue. Also that year, the viral genome was completely sequenced, and HIV-1 was found to belong to a neurotropic subfamily of retrovirus known as the Lentivirinae. These findings clearly indicated that direct HIV-1 infection of the central nervous system played a role in the development of AIDS-related neurological disease. This review summarizes the clinical manifestations of HIV-1 infection of the central nervous system and the related neuropathology, the tropism of HIV-1 for specific cell types both within and outside of the nervous system, the possible mechanisms by which HIV-1 damages the nervous system, and the current strategies for diagnosis and treatment of HIV-1-associated neuropathology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.6.4.339","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,2]],"date-time":"2016-06-02T19:18:01Z","timestamp":1464895081000},"page":"339-366","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection of the brain"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"W J","family":"Atwood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section on Molecular Virology and Genetics, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland 20892."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J R","family":"Berger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section on Molecular Virology and Genetics, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland 20892."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R","family":"Kaderman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section on Molecular Virology and Genetics, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland 20892."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C S","family":"Tornatore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section on Molecular Virology and Genetics, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland 20892."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E O","family":"Major","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section on Molecular Virology and Genetics, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland 20892."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","container-title":["Clinical Microbiology Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/CMR.6.4.339","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/CMR.6.4.339","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T08:49:32Z","timestamp":1645606172000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/CMR.6.4.339"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1993,10]]},"references-count":0,"aliases":["10.1128\/cmr.6.4.339-366.1993"],"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/CMR.6.4.339"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/cmr.6.4.339","relation":{},"ISSN":["0893-8512","1098-6618"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0893-8512","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-6618","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1993,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1993-10-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}