{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T01:17:57Z","timestamp":1790817477356,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,1]],"date-time":"2016-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1459468800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006492","name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI 001065-08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI 001065-08"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Vaccine Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Malnutrition, as defined by low body mass index (BMI), is a major risk factor for the development of active tuberculosis (TB), although the biological basis underlying this susceptibility remains poorly characterized. To verify whether malnutrition affects the systemic and antigen-specific cytokine levels in individuals with latent TB (LTB), we examined circulating and TB antigen-stimulated levels of cytokines in individuals with LTB and low BMI (LBMI) and compared them with those in individuals with LTB and normal BMI (NBMI). Coexistent LBMI with LTB was characterized by diminished circulating levels of type 1 (gamma interferon [IFN-\u03b3] and tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-\u03b1]), type 2 (interleukin-4 [IL-4]), type 17 (IL-22), and other proinflammatory (IL-1\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, and IL-6) cytokines but elevated levels of other type 2 (IL-5 and IL-13) and regulatory (IL-10 and transforming growth factor beta [TGF-\u03b2]) cytokines. In addition, LBMI with LTB was associated with diminished TB antigen-induced IFN-\u03b3, TNF-\u03b1, IL-6, IL-1\u03b1, and IL-1\u03b2 levels. Finally, there was a significant positive correlation between BMI values and TNF-\u03b1 and IL-1\u03b2 levels and a significant negative correlation between BMI values and IL-2, IL-10, and TGF-\u03b2 levels in individuals with LTB. Therefore, our data reveal that latent TB with a coexistent low BMI is characterized by diminished protective cytokine responses and heightened regulatory cytokine responses, providing a potential biological mechanism for the increased risk of developing active TB.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.00009-16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,11]],"date-time":"2016-02-11T15:33:19Z","timestamp":1455204799000},"page":"339-345","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Coexistent Malnutrition Is Associated with Perturbations in Systemic and Antigen-Specific Cytokine Responses in Latent Tuberculosis Infection"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Rajamanickam","family":"Anuradha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saravanan","family":"Munisankar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukthi","family":"Bhootra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathalla Pavan","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chandrakumar","family":"Dolla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Kumaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subash","family":"Babu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032712-095939"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.021908.132703"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2236"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2008.00702.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12249"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2014.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2014.09.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","first-page":"286","article-title":"The relationship between malnutrition and tuberculosis: evidence from studies in humans and experimental animals","volume":"8","author":"Cegielski JP","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cegielski JP, McMurray DN. 2004. 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