{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]],"date-time":"2025-10-19T21:14:57Z","timestamp":1760908497395},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,1]],"date-time":"2009-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1243814400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Vaccine Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Recently, a new lineage of CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cells in humans and in mice has been reported. This T helper cell secretes interleukin-17 (IL-17) and has been defined as T helper 17 (Th17). Th17 cells express the IL-23 receptor (IL-23R) and play an important pathogenic role in different inflammatory conditions. In this study, our aim was to characterize the optimum conditions for isolation and propagation of human peripheral blood Th17 cells in vitro and the optimum conditions for isolation of Th17 clones. To isolate Th17 cells, two steps were taken. Initially, we negatively isolated CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of a normal human blood donor. Then, we isolated the IL-23R<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>cells from the CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cells. Functional studies revealed that CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>IL-23R<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>cells could be stimulated ex vivo with anti-CD3\/CD28 to secrete both IL-17 and gamma interferon (IFN-\u03b3). Furthermore, we expanded the CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>IL-23R<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>cells for 1 week in the presence of anti-CD3\/CD28, irradiated autologous feeder cells, and different cytokines. Our data indicate that cytokine treatment increased the number of propagated cells 14- to 99-fold. Functional evaluation of the expanded number of CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>IL-23R<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>cells in the presence of different cytokines with anti-CD3\/CD28 revealed that all cytokines used (IL-2, IL-7, IL-12, IL-15, and IL-23) increased the amount of IFN-\u03b3 secreted by IL-23R<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>cells at different levels. Our results indicate that IL-7 plus IL-12 was the optimum combination of cytokines for the expansion of IL-23R<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>cells and the secretion of IFN-\u03b3, while IL-12 preferentially stimulated these cells to secrete predominately IL-17.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.00022-09","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,23]],"date-time":"2009-04-23T00:55:42Z","timestamp":1240448142000},"page":"798-805","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Interleukin-12 Is the Optimum Cytokine To Expand Human Th17 Cells In Vitro"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Soad","family":"Nady","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, Viral Immunology Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Ignatz-Hoover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, Viral Immunology Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed T.","family":"Shata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, Viral Immunology Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1467","volume":"8","year":"2007","unstructured":"Acosta-Rodriguez, E. V., L. Rivino, J. Geginat, D. Jarrossay, M. Gattorno, A. Lanzavecchia, F. Sallusto, and G. Napolitani. 2007. Surface phenotype and antigenic specificity of human interleukin 17-producing T helper memory cells. Nat. Immunol.8:639-646.","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20070663","volume":"204","year":"2007","unstructured":"Annunziato, F., L. Cosmi, V. Santarlasci, L. Maggi, F. Liotta, B. Mazzinghi, E. Parente, L. Fili, S. Ferri, F. Frosali, F. Giudici, P. Romagnani, P. Parronchi, F. Tonelli, E. Maggi, and S. Romagnani. 2007. Phenotypic and functional features of human Th17 cells. J. Exp. Med.204:1849-1861.","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5018","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.170.10.5018","volume":"170","year":"2003","unstructured":"Berard, M., K. Brandt, S. Bulfone-Paus, and D. F. Tough. 2003. IL-15 promotes the survival of naive and memory phenotype CD8+ T cells. J. Immunol.170:5018-5026.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2007.07.020","volume":"19","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bettelli, E., T. Korn, and V. K. Kuchroo. 2007. Th17: the third member of the effector T cell trilogy. Curr. Opin. Immunol.19:652-657.","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20042279","volume":"201","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bettelli, E., and V. K. Kuchroo. 2005. IL-12- and IL-23-induced T helper cell subsets: birds of the same feather flock together. J. Exp. Med.201:169-171.","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0708401","volume":"84","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bosisio, D., M. Vulcano, A. Del Prete, M. Sironi, V. Salvi, L. Salogni, E. Riboldi, F. Leoni, C. A. Dinarello, G. Girolomoni, and S. Sozzani. 2008. Blocking TH17-polarizing cytokines by histone deacetylase inhibitors in vitro and in vivo. J. Leukoc. Biol.84:1540-1548.","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2007.09.009","volume":"41","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chen, Z., and J. J. O'Shea. 2008. Regulation of IL-17 production in human lymphocytes. Cytokine41:71-78.","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2495","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700855","volume":"127","year":"2007","unstructured":"Elder, J. T. 2007. IL-15 and psoriasis: another genetic link to Th17? J. Investig. Dermatol.127:2495-2497.","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2008.00631.x","volume":"223","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ettinger, R., S. Kuchen, and P. E. Lipsky. 2008. The role of IL-21 in regulating B-cell function in health and disease. Immunol. Rev.223:60-86.","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3155","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200737766","volume":"37","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fantini, M. C., A. Rizzo, D. Fina, R. Caruso, C. Becker, M. F. Neurath, T. T. Macdonald, F. Pallone, and G. Monteleone. 2007. IL-21 regulates experimental colitis by modulating the balance between Treg and Th17 cells. Eur. J. Immunol.37:3155-3163.","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","first-page":"PE1","volume":"2002","year":"2002","unstructured":"Frucht, D. M. 2002. IL-23: a cytokine that acts on memory T cells. Sci. STKE2002:PE1.","journal-title":"Sci. STKE"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.52.1.65","volume":"52","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fujino, S., A. Andoh, S. Bamba, A. Ogawa, K. Hata, Y. Araki, T. Bamba, and Y. Fujiyama. 2003. Increased expression of interleukin 17 in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut52:65-70.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1254","volume":"6","year":"2005","unstructured":"Harrington, L. E., R. D. Hatton, P. R. Mangan, H. Turner, T. L. Murphy, K. M. Murphy, and C. T. Weaver. 2005. Interleukin 17-producing CD4+ effector T cells develop via a lineage distinct from the T helper type 1 and 2 lineages. Nat. Immunol.6:1123-1132.","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2006.03.017","volume":"18","year":"2006","unstructured":"Harrington, L. E., P. R. Mangan, and C. T. Weaver. 2006. Expanding the effector CD4 T-cell repertoire: the Th17 lineage. Curr. Opin. Immunol.18:349-356.","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1038\/nri853","volume":"2","year":"2002","unstructured":"Jameson, S. C. 2002. Maintaining the norm: T-cell homeostasis. Nat. Rev. Immunol.2:547-556.","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1009","volume":"4","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kaech, S. M., J. T. Tan, E. J. Wherry, B. T. Konieczny, C. D. Surh, and R. Ahmed. 2003. Selective expression of the interleukin 7 receptor identifies effector CD8 T cells that give rise to long-lived memory cells. Nat. Immunol.4:1191-1198.","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9571","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0503726102","volume":"102","year":"2005","unstructured":"Klebanoff, C. A., L. Gattinoni, P. Torabi-Parizi, K. Kerstann, A. R. Cardones, S. E. Finkelstein, D. C. Palmer, P. A. Antony, S. T. Hwang, S. A. Rosenberg, T. A. Waldmann, and N. P. Restifo. 2005. Central memory self\/tumor-reactive CD8+ T cells confer superior antitumor immunity compared with effector memory T cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA102:9571-9576.","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6730","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.11.6730","volume":"178","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kryczek, I., S. Wei, L. Zou, S. Altuwaijri, W. Szeliga, J. Kolls, A. Chang, and W. Zou. 2007. Cutting edge: Th17 and regulatory T cell dynamics and the regulation by IL-2 in the tumor microenvironment. J. Immunol.178:6730-6733.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1126\/science.288.5466.675","volume":"288","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ku, C. C., M. Murakami, A. Sakamoto, J. Kappler, and P. Marrack. 2000. Control of homeostasis of CD8+ memory T cells by opposing cytokines. Science288:675-678.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20041257","volume":"201","year":"2005","unstructured":"Langrish, C. L., Y. Chen, W. M. Blumenschein, J. Mattson, B. Basham, J. D. Sedgwick, T. McClanahan, R. A. Kastelein, and D. J. Cua. 2005. IL-23 drives a pathogenic T cell population that induces autoimmune inflammation. J. Exp. Med.201:233-240.","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2007.02.009","volume":"26","year":"2007","unstructured":"Laurence, A., C. M. Tato, T. S. Davidson, Y. Kanno, Z. Chen, Z. Yao, R. B. Blank, F. Meylan, R. Siegel, L. Hennighausen, E. M. Shevach, and J. O'Shea. 2007. Interleukin-2 signaling via STAT5 constrains T helper 17 cell generation. Immunity26:371-381.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1038\/35105066","volume":"1","year":"2001","unstructured":"Leonard, W. J. 2001. Cytokines and immunodeficiency diseases. Nat. Rev. Immunol.1:200-208.","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04754","volume":"441","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mangan, P. R., L. E. Harrington, D. B. O'Quinn, W. S. Helms, D. C. Bullard, C. O. Elson, R. D. Hatton, S. M. Wahl, T. R. Schoeb, and C. T. Weaver. 2006. Transforming growth factor-beta induces development of the T(H)17 lineage. Nature441:231-234.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5093","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.154.10.5093","volume":"154","year":"1995","unstructured":"Mehrotra, P. T., A. J. Grant, and J. P. Siegel. 1995. Synergistic effects of IL-7 and IL-12 on human T cell activation. J. Immunol.154:5093-5102.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8832","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.132254399","volume":"99","year":"2002","unstructured":"Murakami, M., A. Sakamoto, J. Bender, J. Kappler, and P. Marrack. 2002. CD25+CD4+ T cells contribute to the control of memory CD8+ T cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA99:8832-8837.","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20030896","volume":"198","year":"2003","unstructured":"Murphy, C. A., C. L. Langrish, Y. Chen, W. Blumenschein, T. McClanahan, R. A. Kastelein, J. D. Sedgwick, and D. J. Cua. 2003. Divergent pro- and antiinflammatory roles for IL-23 and IL-12 in joint autoimmune inflammation. J. Exp. Med.198:1951-1957.","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520310000672","volume":"38","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nielsen, O. H., I. Kirman, N. Rudiger, J. Hendel, and B. Vainer. 2003. Upregulation of interleukin-12 and -17 in active inflammatory bowel disease. Scand. J. Gastroenterol.38:180-185.","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)00070-4","volume":"13","year":"2000","unstructured":"Oppmann, B., R. Lesley, B. Blom, J. C. Timans, Y. Xu, B. Hunte, F. Vega, N. Yu, J. Wang, K. Singh, F. Zonin, E. Vaisberg, T. Churakova, M. Liu, D. Gorman, J. Wagner, S. Zurawski, Y. Liu, J. S. Abrams, K. W. Moore, D. Rennick, R. de Waal-Malefyt, C. Hannum, J. F. Bazan, and R. A. Kastelein. 2000. Novel p19 protein engages IL-12p40 to form a cytokine, IL-23, with biological activities similar as well as distinct from IL-12. Immunity13:715-725.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5699","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.11.5699","volume":"168","year":"2002","unstructured":"Parham, C., M. Chirica, J. Timans, E. Vaisberg, M. Travis, J. Cheung, S. Pflanz, R. Zhang, K. P. Singh, F. Vega, W. To, J. Wagner, A. M. O'Farrell, T. McClanahan, S. Zurawski, C. Hannum, D. Gorman, D. M. Rennick, R. A. Kastelein, R. de Waal Malefyt, and K. W. Moore. 2002. A receptor for the heterodimeric cytokine IL-23 is composed of IL-12Rbeta1 and a novel cytokine receptor subunit, IL-23R. J. Immunol.168:5699-5708.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1261","volume":"6","year":"2005","unstructured":"Park, H., Z. Li, X. O. Yang, S. H. Chang, R. Nurieva, Y. H. Wang, Y. Wang, L. Hood, Z. Zhu, Q. Tian, and C. Dong. 2005. A distinct lineage of CD4 T cells regulates tissue inflammation by producing interleukin 17. Nat. Immunol.6:1133-1141.","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7525","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.12.7525","volume":"178","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sato, W., T. Aranami, and T. Yamamura. 2007. Cutting edge: human Th17 cells are identified as bearing CCR2+CCR5\u2212 phenotype. J. Immunol.178:7525-7529.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1038\/80868","volume":"1","year":"2000","unstructured":"Schluns, K. S., W. C. Kieper, S. C. Jameson, and L. Lefrancois. 2000. Interleukin-7 mediates the homeostasis of naive and memory CD8 T cells in vivo. Nat. Immunol.1:426-432.","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1052","volume":"3","year":"2003","unstructured":"Schluns, K. S., and L. Lefrancois. 2003. Cytokine control of memory T-cell development and survival. Nat. Rev. Immunol.3:269-279.","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2007.08.014","volume":"328","year":"2007","unstructured":"Shata, M. T., A. Barrett, N. J. Shire, S. F. Abdelwahab, M. Sobhy, E. Daef, S. S. El-Kamary, M. Hashem, R. E. Engle, R. H. Purcell, S. U. Emerson, G. T. Strickland, and K. E. Sherman. 2007. Characterization of hepatitis E-specific cell-mediated immune response using IFN-gamma ELISPOT assay. J. Immunol. Methods328:152-161.","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4786","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.8.4786","volume":"178","year":"2007","unstructured":"Smeltz, R. B. 2007. Profound enhancement of the IL-12\/IL-18 pathway of IFN-gamma secretion in human CD8+ memory T cell subsets via IL-15. J. Immunol.178:4786-4792.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2008.02.004","volume":"20","year":"2008","unstructured":"Spolski, R., and W. J. Leonard. 2008. The yin and yang of interleukin-21 in allergy, autoimmunity and cancer. Curr. Opin. Immunol.20:295-301.","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6808","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.17.6808","volume":"87","year":"1990","unstructured":"Stern, A. S., F. J. Podlaski, J. D. Hulmes, Y. C. Pan, P. M. Quinn, A. G. Wolitzky, P. C. Familletti, D. L. Stremlo, T. Truitt, R. Chizzonite, et al. 1990. Purification to homogeneity and partial characterization of cytotoxic lymphocyte maturation factor from human B-lymphoblastoid cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA87:6808-6812.","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2007.04.005","volume":"19","year":"2007","unstructured":"Stockinger, B., and M. Veldhoen. 2007. Differentiation and function of Th17 T cells. Curr. Opin. Immunol.19:281-286.","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2008.01.018","volume":"333","year":"2008","unstructured":"Streeck, H., K. W. Cohen, J. S. Jolin, M. A. Brockman, A. Meier, K. A. Power, M. T. Waring, G. Alter, and M. Altfeld. 2008. Rapid ex vivo isolation and long-term culture of human Th17 cells. J. Immunol. Methods.333:115-125.","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1086\/503811","volume":"194","year":"2006","unstructured":"Streeck, H., H. Jessen, G. Alter, N. Teigen, M. T. Waring, A. Jessen, I. Stahmer, J. van Lunzen, M. Lichterfeld, X. Gao, T. M. Allen, M. Carrington, B. D. Walker, J. K. Rockstroh, and M. Altfeld. 2006. Immunological and virological impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy initiated during acute HIV-1 infection. J. Infect. Dis.194:734-739.","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200425677","volume":"35","year":"2005","unstructured":"Vanden Eijnden, S., S. Goriely, D. De Wit, F. Willems, and M. Goldman. 2005. IL-23 up-regulates IL-10 and induces IL-17 synthesis by polyclonally activated naive T cells in human. Eur. J. Immunol.35:469-475.","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2006.01.001","volume":"24","year":"2006","unstructured":"Veldhoen, M., R. J. Hocking, C. J. Atkins, R. M. Locksley, and B. Stockinger. 2006. TGFbeta in the context of an inflammatory cytokine milieu supports de novo differentiation of IL-17-producing T cells. Immunity24:179-189.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","first-page":"105","volume":"14","year":"2001","unstructured":"Waldmann, T. A., S. Dubois, and Y. Tagaya. 2001. Contrasting roles of IL-2 and IL-15 in the life and death of lymphocytes: implications for immunotherapy. Immunity14:105-110.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1497","volume":"8","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wilson, N. J., K. Boniface, J. R. Chan, B. S. McKenzie, W. M. Blumenschein, J. D. Mattson, B. Basham, K. Smith, T. Chen, F. Morel, J. C. Lecron, R. A. Kastelein, D. J. Cua, T. K. McClanahan, E. P. Bowman, and R. de Waal Malefyt. 2007. Development, cytokine profile and function of human interleukin 17-producing helper T cells. Nat. Immunol.8:950-957.","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20041057","volume":"201","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zeng, R., R. Spolski, S. E. Finkelstein, S. Oh, P. E. Kovanen, C. S. Hinrichs, C. A. Pise-Masison, M. F. Radonovich, J. N. Brady, N. P. Restifo, J. A. Berzofsky, and W. J. Leonard. 2005. Synergy of IL-21 and IL-15 in regulating CD8+ T cell expansion and function. J. Exp. Med.201:139-148.","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."}],"container-title":["Clinical and Vaccine Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/CVI.00022-09","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/CVI.00022-09","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,24]],"date-time":"2023-05-24T22:21:12Z","timestamp":1684966872000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/CVI.00022-09"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/CVI.00022-09"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/cvi.00022-09","relation":{},"ISSN":["1556-6811","1556-679X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1556-6811","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-679X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2009-01-16","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2009-04-13","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-12-18","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}