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Clearance of<jats:italic>R. equi<\/jats:italic>depends mainly on gamma interferon (IFN-\u03b3) production by T lymphocytes, whereas the predominance of interleukin 4 (IL-4) is detrimental. Young foals, like neonates of many other species, are generally deficient in the ability to produce IFN-\u03b3. The objective of this study was to compare the cytokine profiles, as well as cell-mediated and antibody responses, of young foals to those of adult horses following intrabronchial challenge with<jats:italic>R. equi<\/jats:italic>. The lymphoproliferative responses of bronchial lymph node (BLN) cells to concanavalin A were significantly higher in foals than in adult horses. In contrast, adult horses had significantly higher lymphoproliferative responses to<jats:italic>R. equi<\/jats:italic>antigens than did foals. Infected foals had significantly lower IL-4 mRNA expression but significantly higher IFN-\u03b3 expression and IFN-\u03b3\/IL-4 ratio in<jats:italic>R. equi<\/jats:italic>-stimulated BLN lymphocytes than did infected adults. Infection with<jats:italic>R. equi<\/jats:italic>in foals resulted in a significant increase in the percentage of T lymphocytes and CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T lymphocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in association with a significant decrease in the percentage of these cell populations in BLNs. Infection of foals also resulted in a marked increase in serum immunoglobulin Ga (IgGa) and IgGb levels, resulting in concentrations in serum that were significantly higher than those of adult horses. This study demonstrates that the immune response to<jats:italic>R. equi<\/jats:italic>in foals is not biased toward IL-4 and is characterized by the predominant induction of IFN-\u03b3.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.00042-07","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,5]],"date-time":"2007-04-05T00:34:45Z","timestamp":1175733285000},"page":"669-677","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Experimental Infection of Neonatal Foals with<i>Rhodococcus equi<\/i>Triggers Adult-Like Gamma Interferon Induction"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Jacks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences"},{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steeve","family":"Gigue\u0300re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences"},{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P. Cynda","family":"Crawford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences"},{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William L.","family":"Castleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences"},{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.3109\/08830180009088503","volume":"19","year":"2000","unstructured":"Adkins, B. 2000. Development of neonatal Th1\/Th2 function. 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