{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T17:47:31Z","timestamp":1791308851609,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,1]],"date-time":"2006-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1154390400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Vaccine Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The recent outbreaks of cattle botulism in vaccinated Israeli dairy cattle prompted us to determine vaccine efficacy and reasons for vaccine failure. Analysis of clinical signs, feeding practice, vaccination history, and epidemic curves enabled us to define a study population in two outbreaks, where high doses of\n            <jats:italic>Clostridium botulinum<\/jats:italic>\n            neurotoxin type D (BoNT\/D) were evenly consumed by the affected animal groups. Attack rates among unvaccinated 6- to 24-month-old heifers were 96% (55\/57) and 85% (53\/62). The attack rates in vaccinated parity 1, 2, and \u22653 cows were 40.4% (21\/52), 14.3% (4\/28), and 5.6% (3\/54), respectively. Vaccine efficacies for these cow groups were 52.5%, 83.2%, and 93.4%, respectively. In younger, unvaccinated 2- to 6-month-old calves, presumably protected by maternal antibodies, the attack rate was 24% (17\/71). These differences correlated with significant differences in levels of specific anti-BoNT\/D antibody in serum by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The ELISA performance for predicting protection was analyzed by receiver operating characteristic analysis and was found to be highly significant, with an area under the curve of 0.941 (standard error, 0.034; 95% confidence interval, 0.875 to 1.008;\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            &lt; 0.000). No animals with serum ELISA unit levels above 0.33 were affected in these exposed groups. At this cutoff level, the specificity of the ELISA was 100%, sensitivity was 67%, and accuracy was 92%. We concluded that botulinum toxoids can confer adequate protection against natural exposure to lethal doses of BoNT\/D; however, the vaccination protocols should be optimized. Our in-house ELISA system will enable us to optimize vaccination protocols in the animal population.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.00046-06","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,7]],"date-time":"2006-08-07T16:53:13Z","timestamp":1154969593000},"page":"862-868","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Quantitative Analysis of Levels of Serum Immunoglobulin G against Botulinum Neurotoxin Type D and Association with Protection in Natural Outbreaks of Cattle Botulism"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Steinman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Quality Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot"},{"name":"Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Chaffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Quality Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot"},{"name":"Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Elad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Quality Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot"},{"name":"Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N. Y.","family":"Shpigel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Quality Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot"},{"name":"Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"798","volume":"185","year":"1984","unstructured":"Abbitt, B., M. J. Murphy, A. C. Ray, J. C. Reagor, A. K. Eugster, L. G. Gayle, H. W. Whitford, R. J. Sutherland, R. A. Fiske, and J. Pusok. 1984. Catastrophic death losses in a dairy herd attributed to type D botulism. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc.185:798-801.","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.156.14.438","volume":"156","year":"2005","unstructured":"Braun, U., K. Feige, G. Schweizer, and A. Pospischil. 2005. Clinical findings and treatment of 30 cattle with botulism. Vet. Rec.156:438-441.","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1999.tb10314.x","volume":"77","year":"1999","unstructured":"Brown, A. T., A. R. Gregory, T. M. Ellis, and M. N. Hearnden. 1999. Comparative immunogenicity of two bivalent botulinum vaccines. Aust. Vet. J.77:388-391.","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.158.22.768","volume":"158","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bruchim, Y., A. Steinman, M. Markovitz, G. Baneth, D. Elad, and N. Y. Shpigel. 2006. Toxicological, bacteriological and serological diagnosis of botulism in a dog. Vet. Rec.158:768-769.","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","first-page":"95","volume":"56","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bruckstein, S., and A. M. Tromp. 2001. Food poisoning in three family dairy herds associated with Clostridium botulinum type B. Isr. J. Vet. Med.56:95-98.","journal-title":"Isr. J. Vet. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.150.1.5","volume":"150","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cobb, S. P., R. A. Hogg, D. J. Challoner, M. M. Brett, C. T. Livesey, R. T. Sharpe, and T. O. Jones. 2002. Suspected botulism in dairy cows and its implications for the safety of human food. Vet. Rec.150:5-8.","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(02)00255-6","volume":"82","year":"2003","unstructured":"Dahlenborg, M., E. Borch, and P. Radstrom. 2003. Prevalence of Clostridium botulinum types B, E and F in faecal samples from Swedish cattle. Int. J. Food Microbiol.82:105-110.","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2005.05.028","volume":"23","year":"2005","unstructured":"Danilova, E., A. Shiryayev, E. K. Kristoffersen, and H. Sjursen. 2005. Attenuated immune response to tetanus toxoid in young healthy men protected against tetanus. Vaccine23:4980-4983.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(02)00323-0","volume":"110","year":"2003","unstructured":"Dijkstra, T., H. W. Barkema, M. Eysker, M. L. Beiboer, and W. Wouda. 2003. Evaluation of a single serological screening of dairy herds for Neospora caninum antibodies. Vet. Parasitol.110:161-169.","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","first-page":"93","volume":"35","year":"1978","unstructured":"Egyed, M. N., A. Shlosberg, U. Klopfer, T. A. Nobel, and E. Mayer. 1978. Mass outbreaks of botulism in ruminants associated with ingestion of feed containing poultry waste. Refuah. Vet.35:93-99.","journal-title":"Refuah. Vet."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.11.5406-5408.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870001200302","volume":"12","year":"2000","unstructured":"Galey, F. D., R. Terra, R. Walker, J. Adaska, M. A. Etchebarne, B. Puschner, E. Fisher, R. H. Whitlock, T. Rocke, D. Willoughby, and E. Tor. 2000. Type C botulism in dairy cattle from feed contaminated with a dead cat. J. Vet. Diagn. Investig.12:204-209.","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1996.tb09966.x","volume":"73","year":"1996","unstructured":"Gregory, A. R., T. M. Ellis, T. F. Jubb, R. J. Nickels, and D. V. Cousins. 1996. Use of enzyme-linked immunoassays for antibody to types C and D botulinum toxins for investigations of botulism in cattle. Aust. Vet. J.73:55-61.","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","first-page":"210","volume":"42","year":"2001","unstructured":"Heider, L. C., J. T. McClure, and E. R. Leger. 2001. Presumptive diagnosis of Clostridium botulinum type D intoxication in a herd of feedlot cattle. Can. Vet. J.42:210-212.","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","first-page":"165","volume":"43","year":"1976","unstructured":"Jansen, B. C., P. C. Knoetze, and F. Visser. 1976. The antibody response of cattle to Clostridium botulinum types C and D toxoids. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res.43:165-173.","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","first-page":"626","volume":"36","year":"1995","unstructured":"Jean, D., G. Fecteau, D. Scott, R. Higgins, and S. Quessy. 1995. Clostridium botulinum type C intoxication in feedlot steers being fed ensiled poultry litter. Can. Vet. J.36:626-628.","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1993.tb03311.x","volume":"70","year":"1993","unstructured":"Jubb, T. F., T. M. Ellis, and A. R. Gregory. 1993. Diagnosis of botulism in cattle using ELISA to detect antibody to botulinum toxins. Aust. Vet. J.70:226-227.","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870001200511","volume":"12","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kelch, W. J., L. A. Kerr, J. K. Pringle, B. W. Rohrbach, and R. H. Whitlock. 2000. Fatal Clostridium botulinum toxicosis in eleven Holstein cattle fed round bale barley haylage. J. Vet. Diagn. Investig.12:453-455.","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S1045-1056(02)00074-X","volume":"31","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lindsey, C. Y., L. A. Smith, M. W. West, J. W. Boles, and J. E. Brown. 2003. Evaluation of a botulinum fragment C-based ELISA for measuring the humoral immune response in primates. Biologicals31:17-24.","journal-title":"Biologicals"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","first-page":"734","volume":"154","year":"2004","unstructured":"Livesey, C. T., R. T. Sharpe, and R. A. Hogg. 2004. Recent association of cattle botulism with poultry litter. Vet. Rec.154:734-735.","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-51-10-813","volume":"51","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mahmut, N., K. Inoue, Y. Fujinaga, H. Arimitsu, Y. Sakaguchi, L. Hughes, R. Hirst, T. Murphy, T. Tsuji, T. Watanabe, T. Ohyama, T. Karasawa, S. Nakamura, K. Yokota, and K. Oguma. 2002. Mucosal immunisation with Clostridium botulinum type C 16 S toxoid and its non-toxic component. J. Med. Microbiol.51:813-820.","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1996.tb09973.x","volume":"73","year":"1996","unstructured":"Main, D. C., and A. R. Gregory. 1996. Serological diagnosis of botulism in dairy cattle. Aust. Vet. J.73:77-78.","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","first-page":"493","volume":"44","year":"2003","unstructured":"Martin, S. 2003. Clostridium botulinum type D intoxication in a dairy herd in Ontario. Can. Vet. J.44:493-495.","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(99)00264-9","volume":"18","year":"1999","unstructured":"Montgomery, V. A., R. S. Makuch, J. E. Brown, and D. C. Hack. 1999. The immunogenicity in humans of a botulinum type F vaccine. Vaccine18:728-735.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.41.1.179-183.1981"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","first-page":"1055","volume":"63","year":"1985","unstructured":"Orenstein, W. A., R. H. Bernier, T. J. Dondero, A. R. Hinman, J. S. Marks, K. J. Bart, and B. Sirotkin. 1985. Field evaluation of vaccine efficacy. Bull. W. H. O.63:1055-1068.","journal-title":"Bull. W. H. O."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","first-page":"89","volume":"39","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ortolani, E. L., L. A. Brito, C. S. Mori, U. Schalch, J. Pacheco, and L. Baldacci. 1997. Botulism outbreak associated with poultry litter consumption in three Brazilian cattle herds. Vet. Hum. Toxicol.39:89-92.","journal-title":"Vet. Hum. Toxicol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-34.4.744","volume":"34","year":"1998","unstructured":"Rocke, T. E., S. R. Smith, and S. W. Nashold. 1998. Preliminary evaluation of a simple in vitro test for the diagnosis of type C botulism in wild birds. J. Wildl. Dis.34:744-751.","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","unstructured":"Rothman K. J. and S. Greenland (ed.). 1998. Modern epidemiology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Philadelphia Pa."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.16.4.770-771.1982"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.152.25.773","volume":"152","year":"2003","unstructured":"Shpigel, N. Y., Y. Avidar, and E. Bogin. 2003. Value of measurements of the serum activities of creatine phosphokinase, aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase for predicting whether recumbent dairy cows will recover. Vet. Rec.152:773-776.","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.26.11.2351-2356.1988"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.59.9.3011-3020.1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1967.tb04884.x","volume":"43","year":"1967","unstructured":"Tammemagi, L., and K. M. Grant. 1967. Vaccination in the control of bovine botulism in Queensland. Aust. Vet. J.43:368-372.","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.130.18.398","volume":"130","year":"1992","unstructured":"Trueman, K. F., R. E. Bock, R. J. Thomas, J. D. Taylor, P. A. Green, H. M. Roeger, and P. J. Ketterer. 1992. Suspected botulism in three intensively managed Australian cattle herds. Vet. Rec.130:398-400.","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","first-page":"45","year":"1999","unstructured":"Whitlock, R. H., and J. M. Williams. 1999. Botulism toxicosis of cattle, p. 45-53. In R. A. Smith (ed.), Proceedings of the 32nd annual convention of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners. American Association of Bovine Practitioners, Nashville, Tenn.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 32nd annual convention of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879500700131","volume":"7","year":"1995","unstructured":"Wilson, R. B., M. T. Boley, and B. Corwin. 1995. Presumptive botulism in cattle associated with plastic-packaged hay. J. Vet. Diagn. Investig.7:167-169.","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.153.9.270","volume":"153","year":"2003","unstructured":"Yeruham, I., D. Elad, Y. Avidar, K. Grinberg, D. Tiomkin, and A. Monbaz. 2003. Outbreak of botulism type B in a dairy cattle herd: clinical and epidemiological aspects. Vet. Rec.153:270-272.","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."}],"container-title":["Clinical and Vaccine Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/CVI.00046-06","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/CVI.00046-06","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T20:37:21Z","timestamp":1627591041000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/CVI.00046-06"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/CVI.00046-06"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/cvi.00046-06","relation":{},"ISSN":["1556-6811","1556-679X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1556-6811","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-679X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2006-02-06","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2006-05-19","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-12-18","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}