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Recognizing that in randomized controlled field trials oral immunization with attenuated<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. enterica<\/jats:named-content>serovar Typhi live vaccine Ty21a conferred significant cross-protection against<jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Paratyphi B but not<jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Paratyphi A disease, we undertook a clinical study to ascertain whether humoral immune responses could explain the field trial results. Ty21a immunization of adult residents of Maryland elicited predominantly IgA antibody-secreting cells (ASC) that recognize<jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Typhi lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Cross-reactivity to<jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Paratyphi A LPS was significantly lower than that to<jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Paratyphi B LPS. ASC producing IgG and IgA that bind LPS from each of these<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Salmonella<\/jats:named-content>serovars expressed CD27 and integrin \u03b14\u03b27 (gut homing), with a significant proportion coexpressing CD62L (secondary lymphoid tissue homing). No significant differences were observed in serum antibody against LPS of the different serovars. Levels of IgA B memory (B<jats:sub>M<\/jats:sub>) cells to<jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Typhi LPS were significantly higher than those against<jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Paratyphi A or B LPS, with no differences observed between<jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Paratyphi A and B. The response of IgA B<jats:sub>M<\/jats:sub>to outer membrane proteins (OMP) from<jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Typhi was significantly stronger than that to OMP of<jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Paratyphi A but similar to that to OMP of<jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Paratyphi B. The percentages of IgG or IgA B<jats:sub>M<\/jats:sub>responders to LPS or OMP from these<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Salmonella<\/jats:named-content>strains were similar. Whereas cross-reactive humoral immune responses to<jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Paratyphi A or B antigens are demonstrable following Ty21a immunization, they cannot explain the efficacy data gleaned from controlled field trials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.00058-12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,5]],"date-time":"2012-04-05T03:22:50Z","timestamp":1333596170000},"page":"825-834","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["Live Oral Typhoid Vaccine Ty21a Induces Cross-Reactive Humoral Immune Responses against Salmonella enterica Serovar Paratyphi A and<i>S<\/i>. Paratyphi B in Humans"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Rezwanul","family":"Wahid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raphael","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shah J.","family":"Zafar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myron M.","family":"Levine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcelo B.","family":"Sztein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5699(00)01605-4","article-title":"CD27: a memory B-cell marker","volume":"21","author":"Agematsu K","year":"2000","unstructured":"AgematsuK HokibaraS NagumoH KomiyamaA. 2000. 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