{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:02:17Z","timestamp":1791331337660,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,1]],"date-time":"2010-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1280620800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Vaccine Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>To further refine our current nanoparticle-based HIV-1 p24 antigen assay, we investigated immune responses to p24 to identify diagnostically significant immune dominant epitopes (IDEs) in HIV-infected human sera, to address cross-reactivity of anti-p24 antibodies to different subtypes, and to identify new biomarkers that distinguish acute from chronic HIV infection for more accurate incidence estimation. We identified two major linear epitope regions, located in the CypA binding loop and adjacent helices and at the end of the C-terminal domain. Most sera (86%) from acutely HIV-1-infected individuals reacted with multiple peptides, while 60% and 30% of AIDS patient samples reacted with multiple and single peptides, respectively. In contrast, 46% and 43% of chronically HIV-1-infected individuals reacted with one and none of the peptides, respectively, and only 11% reacted with multiple p24 peptides, indicating a progression of immune responses from polyclone-like during acute infection to monoclone-like or a nonresponse to linear epitopes during chronic infection. Anti-p24 antibodies (subtype B) show broad cross-reactivity to different HIV-1 subtypes, and the synergistic action of different combinations of anti-HIV antibodies improves capture and detection of divergent HIV-1 subtypes. Our results indicate that the modified peptide immunoassay is sensitive and specific for the rapid identification of HIV-1 p24 IDEs and for investigation of immune responses to p24 during natural HIV-1 infection. The data provide the foundation for development and refinement of new assays for improved p24 antigen testing as future tools for rapid and accurate diagnosis as part of early intervention strategies and estimations of incidence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.00066-10","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,10]],"date-time":"2010-06-10T01:48:44Z","timestamp":1276134524000},"page":"1244-1251","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Characterization of Immune Responses to Capsid Protein p24 of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 and Implications for Detection"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Shixing","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lab of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biophysics, University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland"},{"name":"HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892"},{"name":"American Red Cross, Biomedical Services Scientific Support Office, 9315 Gaither Road, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20877"},{"name":"Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10010"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiangqin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lab of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biophysics, University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland"},{"name":"HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892"},{"name":"American Red Cross, Biomedical Services Scientific Support Office, 9315 Gaither Road, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20877"},{"name":"Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10010"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aifeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lab of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biophysics, University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland"},{"name":"HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892"},{"name":"American Red Cross, Biomedical Services Scientific Support Office, 9315 Gaither Road, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20877"},{"name":"Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10010"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ragupathy","family":"Viswanath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lab of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biophysics, University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland"},{"name":"HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892"},{"name":"American Red Cross, Biomedical Services Scientific Support Office, 9315 Gaither Road, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20877"},{"name":"Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10010"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harri","family":"Harma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lab of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biophysics, University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland"},{"name":"HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892"},{"name":"American Red Cross, Biomedical Services Scientific Support Office, 9315 Gaither Road, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20877"},{"name":"Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10010"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard F.","family":"Little","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lab of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biophysics, University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland"},{"name":"HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892"},{"name":"American Red Cross, Biomedical Services Scientific Support Office, 9315 Gaither Road, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20877"},{"name":"Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10010"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Yarchoan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lab of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biophysics, University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland"},{"name":"HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892"},{"name":"American Red Cross, Biomedical Services Scientific Support Office, 9315 Gaither Road, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20877"},{"name":"Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10010"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan L.","family":"Stramer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lab of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biophysics, University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland"},{"name":"HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892"},{"name":"American Red Cross, Biomedical Services Scientific Support Office, 9315 Gaither Road, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20877"},{"name":"Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10010"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phillipe N.","family":"Nyambi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lab of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biophysics, University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland"},{"name":"HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892"},{"name":"American Red Cross, Biomedical Services Scientific Support Office, 9315 Gaither Road, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20877"},{"name":"Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10010"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherwin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lab of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biophysics, University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland"},{"name":"HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892"},{"name":"American Red Cross, Biomedical Services Scientific Support Office, 9315 Gaither Road, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20877"},{"name":"Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10010"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Owen","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lab of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biophysics, University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland"},{"name":"HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892"},{"name":"American Red Cross, Biomedical Services Scientific Support Office, 9315 Gaither Road, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20877"},{"name":"Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10010"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric Y.","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lab of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biophysics, University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland"},{"name":"HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892"},{"name":"American Red Cross, Biomedical Services Scientific Support Office, 9315 Gaither Road, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20877"},{"name":"Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10010"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lab of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biophysics, University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland"},{"name":"HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892"},{"name":"American Red Cross, Biomedical Services Scientific Support Office, 9315 Gaither Road, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20877"},{"name":"Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10010"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Indira K.","family":"Hewlett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lab of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biophysics, University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland"},{"name":"HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892"},{"name":"American Red Cross, Biomedical Services Scientific Support Office, 9315 Gaither Road, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20877"},{"name":"Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10010"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198710293171804"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2008.12.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2008.11.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(89)90104-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/158.3.615"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200309050-00005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890320307"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.6.2847-2849.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.1992.8.1781"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.1991.tb01555.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/47.3.561"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.64.9.4258-4263.1990"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.29.3.488-492.1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2005.10.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-71-11-2609"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2006.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-009-2712-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","first-page":"289","volume":"2","year":"2005","unstructured":"Liu, G., L. Yang, J. Wang, G. Zhang, X. Chen, and Y. Zheng. 2005. Immune responses to six synthetic peptides of capsid protein with sera from HIV-1 infected individuals. Cell. Mol. Immunol.2:289-293.","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2004.08.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e318053754c"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200001070-00004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.1993.tb01734.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/162.1.21"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200012010-00001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.1994.34494233574.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","first-page":"1085","volume":"10","year":"1996","unstructured":"Schupbach, J., M. Flepp, D. Pontelli, Z. Tomasik, R. Luthy, and J. Boni. 1996. Heat-mediated immune complex dissociation and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay signal amplification render p24 antigen detection in plasma as sensitive as HIV-1 RNA detection by polymerase chain reaction. AIDS10:1085-1090.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20655"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-70-11-2843"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.2000.40101165.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.5560010502"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890290305"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","first-page":"50","volume":"27","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tang, S., and I. Hewlett. 2009. Europium nanoparticle-based immunoassays for sensitive detection of pathogens. Chem. Today27:50-52.","journal-title":"Chem. Today"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/650386"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00412-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31814a554b"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(89)90521-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.8.7050-7055.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030443"}],"container-title":["Clinical and Vaccine Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/CVI.00066-10","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/CVI.00066-10","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T20:43:44Z","timestamp":1627591424000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/CVI.00066-10"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,8]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/CVI.00066-10"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/cvi.00066-10","relation":{},"ISSN":["1556-6811","1556-679X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1556-6811","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-679X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2010-02-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2010-06-02","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-12-18","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}