{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T15:00:06Z","timestamp":1791644406025,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,1]],"date-time":"2007-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1196467200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Vaccine Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The second-generation\n            <jats:italic>Histoplasma<\/jats:italic>\n            antigen immunoassay is semiquantitative, expressing results as a comparison to a negative control, which requires repeat testing of the prior specimen with the current specimen to accurately determine a change in antigen. Reporting results in this manner often is confusing to the ordering physician and laboratory. Development of a quantitative assay could improve accuracy, reduce interassay variability, and eliminate the need to test the prior sample with the current sample in the same assay. Calibrators with known concentrations of\n            <jats:italic>Histoplasma<\/jats:italic>\n            antigen were used to quantitate antigen in specimens from patients with histoplasmosis and from controls. Samples from cases of disseminated histoplasmosis or other mycoses and controls were tested to evaluate the performance characteristics of the quantitative assay. Paired specimens were evaluated to determine if quantitation eliminated the need to test the current and prior specimens in the same assay to assess a change in antigen. The sensitivity in samples from patients with AIDS and disseminated histoplasmosis was 100% in urine and 92.3% in serum. Cross-reactions occurred in 70% of other endemic mycoses, but not in aspergillosis. Specificity was 99% in controls with community-acquired pneumonia, medical conditions in which histoplasmosis was excluded, or healthy subjects. A change in antigen level categorized as an increase, no change, or decrease based on antigen units determined in the same assay agreed closely with the category of change in nanograms\/milliliter determined from testing current and prior specimens in different assays. Sensitivity, specificity, and interassay precision are excellent in the new third-generation quantitative\n            <jats:italic>Histoplasma<\/jats:italic>\n            antigen immunoassay.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.00071-07","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,4]],"date-time":"2007-10-04T00:45:44Z","timestamp":1191458744000},"page":"1587-1591","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":181,"title":["Detection of\n            <i>Histoplasma<\/i>\n            Antigen by a Quantitative Enzyme Immunoassay"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Patricia A.","family":"Connolly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MiraVista Diagnostics and Mirabella Technologies, Indianapolis, Indiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle M.","family":"Durkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MiraVista Diagnostics and Mirabella Technologies, Indianapolis, Indiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann M.","family":"LeMonte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MiraVista Diagnostics and Mirabella Technologies, Indianapolis, Indiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily J.","family":"Hackett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MiraVista Diagnostics and Mirabella Technologies, Indianapolis, Indiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. Joseph","family":"Wheat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MiraVista Diagnostics and Mirabella Technologies, Indianapolis, Indiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02055979","volume":"54","year":"1974","unstructured":"Azuma, I., F. Kanetsuna, Y. Tanaka, Y. Yamamura, and L. M. Carbonell. 1974. Chemical and immunological properties of galactomannans obtained from Histoplasma duboisii, Histoplasma capsulatum, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and Blastomyces dermatitidis. Mycopathol. Mycol. Appl.54:111-125.","journal-title":"Mycopathol. Mycol. Appl."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.35.9.2252-2255.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1086\/420749","volume":"38","year":"2004","unstructured":"Goldman, M., R. Zackin, C. J. Fichtenbaum, D. J. Skiest, S. L. Koletar, R. Hafner, L. J. Wheat, P. M. Nyangweso, C. T. Yiannoutsos, C. T. Schnizlein-Bick, S. Owens, and J. A. Aberg. 2004. Safety of discontinuation of maintenance therapy for disseminated histoplasmosis after immunologic response to antiretroviral therapy. Clin. Infect. Dis.38:1485-1489.","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-199710010-00005","volume":"16","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hecht, F. M., J. Wheat, A. H. Korzun, R. Hafner, K. J. Skahan, R. Larsen, M. T. Limjoco, M. Simpson, D. Schneider, M. C. Keefer, R. Clark, K. K. Lai, J. M. Jacobson, K. Squires, J. A. Bartlett, and W. Powderly. 1997. Itraconazole maintenance treatment for histoplasmosis in AIDS: a prospective, multicenter trial. J. Acquir. Immun. Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovir.16:100-107.","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immun. Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovir."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","unstructured":"Reference deleted."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(99)80311-8","volume":"98","year":"1995","unstructured":"Wheat, J., R. Hafner, A. H. Korzun, M. T. Limjoco, P. Spencer, R. A. Larsen, F. M. Hecht, W. Powderly, et al. 1995. Itraconazole treatment of disseminated histoplasmosis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am. J. Med.98:336-342.","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(97)00151-4","volume":"103","year":"1997","unstructured":"Wheat, J., S. MaWhinney, R. Hafner, D. McKinsey, D. Chen, A. Korzun, K. J. Shakan, P. Johnson, R. Hamill, D. Bamberger, P. Pappas, J. Stansell, S. Koletar, K. Squires, R. A. Larsen, T. Cheung, N. Hyslop, K. K. Lai, D. Schneider, C. Kauffman, M. Saag, W. Dismukes, W. Powderly, et al. 1997. Treatment of histoplasmosis with fluconazole in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am. J. Med.103:223-232.","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2003.08.007","volume":"11","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wheat, L. J. 2003. Current diagnosis of histoplasmosis. Trends Microbiol.11:488-494.","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.8.2354-2357.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3062.2006.00151.x","volume":"8","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wheat, L. J., P. Connolly, M. Durkin, B. K. Book, and M. D. Pescovitz. 2006. Elimination of false-positive Histoplasma antigenemia caused by human anti-rabbit antibodies in the second-generation Histoplasma antigen assay. Transplant. Infect. Dis.8:219-221.","journal-title":"Transplant. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3062.2004.00045.x","volume":"6","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wheat, L. J., P. Connolly, M. Durkin, B. K. Book, A. J. Tector, J. Fridell, and M. D. Pescovitz. 2004. False-positive Histoplasma antigenemia caused by antithymocyte globulin antibodies. Transplant. Infect. Dis.6:23-27.","journal-title":"Transplant. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.1.248-250.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-115-12-936","volume":"115","year":"1991","unstructured":"Wheat, L. J., P. Connolly-Stringfield, R. Blair, K. Connolly, T. Garringer, and B. P. Katz. 1991. Histoplasmosis relapse in patients with AIDS: detection using Histoplasma capsulatum variety capsulatum antigen levels. Ann. Intern. Med.115:936-941.","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. 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