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Infections in people with COPD result in clinic and emergency room visits, hospital admissions, and respiratory failure. An effective vaccine would prevent morbidity, help control health care costs, and reduce antibiotic use, a major contributor to the global crisis in bacterial antibiotic resistance. The widespread use of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccines is causing a relative increase in<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">H. influenzae<\/jats:named-content>otitis media. The partial protection against<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">H. influenzae<\/jats:named-content>otitis media induced by the pneumococcal<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">H. influenzae<\/jats:named-content>protein D conjugate vaccine represents a proof of principle of the feasibility of a vaccine for nontypeable<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">H. influenzae<\/jats:named-content>. An ideal vaccine antigen should be conserved among strains, have abundant epitopes on the bacterial surface, be immunogenic, and induce protective immune responses. Several surface proteins of<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">H. influenzae<\/jats:named-content>have been identified as potential vaccine candidates and are in various stages of development. With continued research, progress toward a broadly effective vaccine to prevent infections caused by nontypeable<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">H. influenzae<\/jats:named-content>is expected over the next several years.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.00089-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,19]],"date-time":"2015-03-19T02:33:43Z","timestamp":1426732423000},"page":"459-466","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":100,"title":["Vaccines for Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae: the Future Is Now"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Timothy F.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"key20180919073801_B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3728","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.05476-11","article-title":"Haemophilus influenzae infections in the H. influenzae type b conjugate vaccine era","volume":"49","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"key20180919073801_B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"B19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.05.033","article-title":"Serotypes and pathogens in paediatric pneumonia","volume":"26","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"key20180919073801_B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu384","article-title":"Etiology of severe childhood pneumonia in The Gambia, West Africa, determined by conventional and molecular microbiological analyses of lung and pleural aspirate samples","volume":"59","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key20180919073801_B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2012.08.005","article-title":"Invasive Haemophilus influenzae in the United States, 1999-2008: epidemiology and outcomes","volume":"65","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"key20180919073801_B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.03.059","article-title":"Ten years of Hib vaccination in Italy: prevalence of non-encapsulated Haemophilus influenzae among invasive isolates and the possible impact on antibiotic resistance","volume":"29","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"key20180919073801_B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir735","article-title":"Current epidemiology and trends in invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease: United States, 1989-2008","volume":"53","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key20180919073801_B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1086\/511861","article-title":"The changing epidemiology of invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease, especially in persons \u226565 years old","volume":"44","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key20180919073801_B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.112.3.514","article-title":"Trends in otitis media among children in the United States","volume":"112","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"key20180919073801_B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/160.1.83","article-title":"Epidemiology of otitis media during the first seven years of life in children in greater Boston: a prospective, cohort study","volume":"160","author":"The Greater Boston Otitis Media Study Group","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"key20180919073801_B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E90","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599812466535","article-title":"Panel 6: vaccines","volume":"148","year":"2013","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"key20180919073801_B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s004310100754","article-title":"The microbiologic and immunologic basis for recurrent otitis media in children","volume":"160","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"key20180919073801_B12","first-page":"601","article-title":"Effects of otitis media on child development","volume":"14","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Otol"},{"key":"key20180919073801_B13","first-page":"59","article-title":"Identification of hearing loss in children with otitis media","volume":"163","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl"},{"key":"key20180919073801_B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/162.3.685","article-title":"Otitis media in infancy and intellectual ability, school achievement, speech, and language at age 7 years. 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