{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T16:26:34Z","timestamp":1790267194728,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,1]],"date-time":"2017-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1504224000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005663","name":"Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1U38OT000143-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1U38OT000143-03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Vaccine Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) receives clinical and laboratory reports for rubella. Because rubella immunoglobulin M (IgM) assays may produce false-positive results and rubella infections may be asymptomatic, interpretation of positive IgM results can be challenging. Rubella reports received by DOHMH in 2012 to 2013 were reviewed. The rubella IgM testing purpose was determined through case investigation. Results of IgM testing by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and capture enzyme immunoassay (EIA) were compared to determine positive predictive value (PPV) and specificity. DOHMH received 199 rubella reports; 2 were true cases. Of all reports, 77.9% were tested for rubella IgM erroneously, 19.6% were tested for diagnostic purposes, 2.0% had unknown test purpose, and 0.5% were not tested. PPV of indirect ELISA was 6% overall, 14% for diagnostic tests, and 0% for tests ordered erroneously. PPV of capture EIA was 29% overall, 50% for diagnostic tests, and 0% for tests ordered erroneously. Overall, specificity was 52% for indirect ELISA and 85% for capture EIA. Limiting rubella IgM testing to patients for whom rubella diagnosis is suspected and using a more specific IgM assay have the potential to reduce false-positive rubella IgM results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.00102-17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,13]],"date-time":"2017-07-13T00:40:27Z","timestamp":1499906427000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Rubella Surveillance and Diagnostic Testing among a Low-Prevalence Population, New York City, 2012\u20132013"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Beth M.","family":"Isaac","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bureau of Immunization, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Queens, New York, USA"},{"name":"Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists\/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Applied Epidemiology Fellowship, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane R.","family":"Zucker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bureau of Immunization, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Queens, New York, USA"},{"name":"National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca R.","family":"Giancotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Laboratory, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Abernathy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Icenogle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Rakeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Laboratory, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer B.","family":"Rosen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bureau of Immunization, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Queens, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"279","article-title":"Elimination of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome\u2014United States, 1969\u20132004","volume":"54","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2005","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2005. Elimination of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome\u2014United States, 1969\u20132004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep54:279\u2013282.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"226","article-title":"Three cases of congenital rubella syndrome in the postelimination era\u2014Maryland, Alabama, and Illinois, 2012","volume":"62","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2013","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2013. Three cases of congenital rubella syndrome in the postelimination era\u2014Maryland, Alabama, and Illinois, 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep62:226\u2013229.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","unstructured":"Pan American Health Organization. 2015. Americas region is declared the world's first to eliminate rubella. http:\/\/www.paho.org\/Hq\/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10798%3A2015-americas-free-of-rubella&catid=740%3Anews-press-releases&Itemid=1926&lang=en. Accessed 23 March 2017."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","volume-title":"Manual for the surveillance of vaccine-preventable diseases","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2012","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2012. Manual for the surveillance of vaccine-preventable diseases. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7292(93)90778-U"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000431054.33593.e3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","first-page":"704","article-title":"Vaccination and perinatal infection prevention practices among obstetrician-gynecologists","volume":"101","author":"Schrag SJ","year":"2003","unstructured":"Schrag SJ FioreAE GonikB MalikT ReefS SingletonJA SchuchatA SchulkinJ. 2003. Vaccination and perinatal infection prevention practices among obstetrician-gynecologists. 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