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Here, we introduce an innovative approach to directly identify\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Leishmania infantum<\/jats:named-content>\n            antigens produced\n            <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            in humans with VL. We combined reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) with mass spectrometry and categorized three distinct\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">L. infantum<\/jats:named-content>\n            proteins presumably produced in bone marrow\/spleen\/liver and excreted in the urine of patients with VL. The genes coding for these proteins (\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">L. infantum<\/jats:named-content>\n            iron superoxide dismutase, NCBI accession number\n            <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"gen\" xlink:href=\"XP_001467866.1\">XP_001467866.1<\/jats:ext-link>\n            ;\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">L. infantum<\/jats:named-content>\n            tryparedoxin, NCBI accession number\n            <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"gen\" xlink:href=\"XP_001466642.1\">XP_001466642.1<\/jats:ext-link>\n            ; and\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">L. infantum<\/jats:named-content>\n            nuclear transport factor 2, NCBI accession number\n            <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"gen\" xlink:href=\"XP_001463738.1\">XP_001463738.1<\/jats:ext-link>\n            ) were cloned, and the recombinant molecules were produced in\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:named-content>\n            . Antibodies to these proteins were produced in rabbits and chickens and were used to develop a capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) designed to detect these\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">L. infantum<\/jats:named-content>\n            antigens in the urine of VL patients. Specificity of the antibodies was confirmed by a Western blot analysis using both recombinant proteins and whole parasite extract. Importantly, a urinary antigen detection assay assembled with pairs of antibodies specific for each of these antigens identified 17 of 19 patients with VL. These results indicate that an improved antigen detection assay based on\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">L. infantum<\/jats:named-content>\n            proteins present in the urine of patients with VL may represent an important new strategy for the development of a specific and accurate diagnostic test that has the potential to both distinguish active VL from asymptomatic infection and serve as an important tool to monitor therapy efficacy.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.00125-12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,19]],"date-time":"2012-04-19T07:36:36Z","timestamp":1334820996000},"page":"935-943","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Identification and Diagnostic Utility of Leishmania infantum Proteins Found in Urine Samples from Patients with Visceral Leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Claudia","family":"Abeijon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"DetectoGen Inc., Grafton, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suely S.","family":"Kashino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fernando O.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Leishmaniasis, Natan Portella Institute of Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Piau\u00ed, Teresina, Piau\u00ed, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dorcas L.","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Leishmaniasis, Natan Portella Institute of Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Piau\u00ed, Teresina, Piau\u00ed, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ricardo T.","family":"Fujiwara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo, Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos H. 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