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Mice were inoculated intranasally with spores or vegetative cells of the recombinant strains of\n            <jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n            . To enhance mucosal immunity, whole cholera toxin (CT) or a mutant form (R192G) of\n            <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n            heat-labile toxin (mLT) were included as adjuvants. To evaluate vaccine efficacy, the immunized mice were challenged orally with EDIM EW murine rotavirus and monitored daily for 7 days for virus shedding in feces. Mice immunized with either VP6 spore or VP6 vegetative cell vaccines raised serum anti-VP6 IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) titers, whereas only the VP6 spore vaccines generated fecal anti-VP6 IgA ELISA titers. Mice in groups that were immunized with VP6 spore vaccines plus CT or mLT showed significant reductions in virus shedding, whereas the groups of mice immunized with VP6 vegetative cell vaccines showed no difference in virus shedding compared with mice immunized with control spores or cells. These results demonstrate that intranasal inoculation with\n            <jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n            spore-based rotavirus vaccines is effective in generating protective immunity against rotavirus challenge in mice.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.00135-10","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,2]],"date-time":"2010-09-02T02:40:11Z","timestamp":1283395211000},"page":"1647-1655","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Development of a\n            <i>Bacillus subtilis<\/i>\n            -Based Rotavirus Vaccine"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Sangun","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts 01536"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112"},{"name":"Department of International Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Boris R.","family":"Belitsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts 01536"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112"},{"name":"Department of International Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James P.","family":"Brinker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts 01536"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112"},{"name":"Department of International Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathryn O.","family":"Kerstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts 01536"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111"},{"name":"Department of 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D.","family":"Clements","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts 01536"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112"},{"name":"Department of International Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerald T.","family":"Keusch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts 01536"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111"},{"name":"Department of 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