{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T20:26:22Z","timestamp":1780604782546,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,5]],"date-time":"2017-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1504569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,1]],"date-time":"2017-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1504224000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000038","name":"US FDA","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["IU18FD004012-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IU18FD004012-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"European Union's Seventh Framework Program","award":["312661"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["312661"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009342","name":"Aeras Global Tuberculosis Vaccine Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009342","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["643381"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["643381"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000733","name":"Universities Federation for Animal Welfare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000733","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Vaccine Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The development of a functional biomarker assay in the tuberculosis (TB) field would be widely recognized as a major advance in efforts to develop and to test novel TB vaccine candidates efficiently. We present preliminary studies using mycobacterial growth inhibition assays (MGIAs) to detect\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Mycobacterium bovis<\/jats:named-content>\n            BCG vaccine responses across species, and we extend this work to determine whether a standardized MGIA can be applied in characterizing new TB vaccines. The comparative MGIA studies reviewed here aimed to evaluate robustness, reproducibility, and ability to reflect\n            <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            responses. In doing so, they have laid the foundation for the development of a MGIA that can be standardized and potentially qualified. A major challenge ahead lies in better understanding the relationships between\n            <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            protection,\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            growth inhibition, and the immune mechanisms involved. The final outcome would be a MGIA that could be used with confidence in TB vaccine trials. We summarize data arising from this project, present a strategy to meet the goals of developing a functional assay for TB vaccine testing, and describe some of the challenges encountered in performing and transferring such assays.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.00142-17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,13]],"date-time":"2017-07-13T00:40:27Z","timestamp":1499906427000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["The Cross-Species Mycobacterial Growth Inhibition Assay (MGIA) Project, 2010\u20132014"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Brennan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aeras, Rockville, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Tanner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheldon","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Scriba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline M.","family":"Achkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine, Microbiology, and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Zelmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Hokey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aeras, Rockville, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelo","family":"Izzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sally","family":"Sharpe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Penn-Nicholson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mzwandile","family":"Erasmus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Stylianou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel F.","family":"Hoft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"McShane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0435-1006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen A.","family":"Fletcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene &amp; 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