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Given the interest in using probiotic bacteria in chicken production and the important role of the microbiota in the development and regulation of the host immune system, the objective of the current study was to examine the differential effects of these bacteria on cytokine gene expression profiles of lymphoid tissue cells. Mononuclear cells isolated from cecal tonsils and spleens of chickens were cocultured with one of the three live bacteria, and gene expression was analyzed via real-time quantitative PCR. All three lactobacilli induced significantly more interleukin 1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2) expression in spleen cells than in cecal tonsil cells, indicating a more inflammatory response in the spleen than in cecal tonsils. In cecal tonsil cells, substantial differences were found among strains in the capacity to induce IL-12p40, IL-10, IL-18, transforming growth factor \u03b24 (TGF-\u03b24), and gamma interferon (IFN-\u03b3). In conclusion, we demonstrated that\n            <jats:italic>L. acidophilus<\/jats:italic>\n            is more effective at inducing T-helper-1 cytokines while\n            <jats:italic>L. salivarius<\/jats:italic>\n            induces a more anti-inflammatory response.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.00143-10","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,29]],"date-time":"2010-07-29T06:25:47Z","timestamp":1280384747000},"page":"1337-1343","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":184,"title":["Effects of Lactobacilli on Cytokine Expression by Chicken Spleen and Cecal Tonsil Cells"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jennifer T.","family":"Brisbin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1"},{"name":"Food Research Program, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 5C9"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1"},{"name":"Food Research Program, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 5C9"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Payvand","family":"Parvizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1"},{"name":"Food Research Program, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 5C9"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shayan","family":"Sharif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1"},{"name":"Food Research Program, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 5C9"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2006.19.167","volume":"19","year":"2006","unstructured":"Abdul-Careem, M. 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