{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T03:46:09Z","timestamp":1792727169545,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,1]],"date-time":"2012-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1338508800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Vaccine Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Depressed cell-mediated immunity in human visceral leishmaniasis (VL) (also known as kala-azar), revealed as the inability of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to respond to<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>antigen, remains a hallmark of and is thought to underlie the progressive nature of this disease. We recently reported the ability of a whole-blood, gamma interferon (IFN-\u03b3) release assay to detect subclinical infections among healthy individuals living in an area where kala-azar is endemic (Bihar, India) and the surprising result that patients with active VL also secreted significant levels of antigen-specific IFN-\u03b3 in this assay. We were interested in ascertaining whether these findings would be true for a larger cohort of subjects and in employing the whole-blood assay to detect additional cytokines that might better correlate with the disease status of infected individuals. We evaluated IFN-\u03b3, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) release in 35 patients with active VL, 54 patients with VL who were cured, 27 patients with other diseases, 52 healthy controls who lived in regions where VL or kala-azar is not endemic (NEHCs [for nonendemic healthy controls]), and 147 healthy controls who lived in regions where kala-azar is endemic (EHCs [for endemic healthy controls]). The cellular responses of the EHCs were correlated with their serological antibody titers against<jats:italic>Leishmania donovani<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Phlebotomus argentipes<\/jats:italic>saliva. The whole-blood cells from the majority of both active (80%) and cured (85%) VL patients, as well as 24% of EHCs with presumed subclinical infections, produced significantly elevated levels of IFN-\u03b3. The findings do not support a severe Th1 response defect in kala-azar. Importantly, only the patients with active VL also produced IL-10, which in conjunction with IFN-\u03b3 better reflects the immune responses that distinguish individuals with active disease from cured or subclinically infected, immune individuals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.00143-12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,27]],"date-time":"2012-04-27T00:39:40Z","timestamp":1335487180000},"page":"961-966","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":96,"title":["Reassessment of Immune Correlates in Human Visceral Leishmaniasis as Defined by Cytokine Release in Whole Blood"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Om Prakash","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamlesh","family":"Gidwani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajiv","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Nyl\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen L.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellestis Limited, Chadstone, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marleen","family":"Boelaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Sacks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shyam","family":"Sundar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3977","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1003588","article-title":"IL-27 and IL-21 are associated with T cell IL-10 responses in human visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"186","author":"Ansari NA","year":"2011","unstructured":"AnsariNA . 2011. 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