{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T11:09:29Z","timestamp":1788520169796,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin. Vaccine Immunol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Anthrax caused by<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:named-content>is a public health problem in several developing countries whose main source of income is farming. Anthrax is a disease of herbivorous animals, and humans can be infected by handling infected animals or contaminated animal products. Specific diagnostic tests are unavailable in India for the detection and confirmation of cutaneous anthrax in humans. Here, we describe the development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of serum antibodies against<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:named-content>protective antigen in the Indian population. A total of 405 serum samples collected from different groups were tested by the developed ELISA. The assay provided a specificity of 99.41% (95% confidence interval [CI], 97.89 to 99.93) and a sensitivity of 100% (CI, 94.4 to 100) using a cutoff value of 0.29 ELISA unit (EU). The positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of the assay were 97% and 100%, respectively. The efficiency and J index for the reliability of the assay were 99.5% and 0.994, respectively. The assay can be a very useful tool for surveillance as well as for diagnosis of cutaneous anthrax cases in India.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.00154-12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,21]],"date-time":"2012-06-21T13:53:28Z","timestamp":1340286808000},"page":"1238-1242","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Anti-Protective Antigen IgG Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Diagnosis of Cutaneous Anthrax in India"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"N.","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. K.","family":"Goel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"key20180919073617_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir543","article-title":"Lethal factor toxemia and anti-protective antigen antibody activity in naturally acquired cutaneous anthrax","volume":"204","author":"Boyer","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"key20180919073617_B2","first-page":"488","article-title":"Cutaneous anthrax in eastern Turkey","volume":"67","author":"Caksen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"key20180919073617_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1053\/crad.1999.0336","article-title":"Scrub typhus: radiological and clinical findings","volume":"55","author":"Choi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Radiol."},{"key":"key20180919073617_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0b013e3181c202fa","article-title":"Three related cases of cutaneous anthrax in France: clinical and laboratory aspects","volume":"88","author":"Cinquetti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"key20180919073617_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.cellbio.19.111301.140655","article-title":"Anthrax toxin","volume":"19","author":"Collier","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"key20180919073617_B6","first-page":"1053","article-title":"Anthrax","volume-title":"Textbook of pediatric infectious diseases","author":"Edwards","year":"1992","edition":"3rd ed"},{"key":"key20180919073617_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.1999.00881.x","article-title":"The capsule of Bacillus anthracis, a review","volume":"87","author":"Ezzell","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"key20180919073617_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-4362.1999.00691.x","article-title":"Ecthyma gangrenosum","volume":"38","author":"Gucluer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"key20180919073617_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.281.18.1735","article-title":"Anthrax as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. Working Group on Civilian Biodefense","volume":"281","author":"Inglesby","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"key20180919073617_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0560.1997.tb01091.x","article-title":"Cutaneous histopathology of Rocky Mountain spotted fever","volume":"24","author":"Kao","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Cutan. Pathol."},{"key":"key20180919073617_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-49-12-1129","article-title":"Anthrax in Pondicherry, South India","volume":"49","author":"Kumar","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"key20180919073617_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(95)50136-6","article-title":"Systemic diseases with cutaneous manifestations","volume":"25","author":"Merchant","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"key20180919073617_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-5822.2003.00253.x","article-title":"Anthrax toxins and the host: a story of intimacy","volume":"5","author":"Mock","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"key20180919073617_B14","article-title":"Prism 5 statistics guide","author":"Motulsky","year":"2007"},{"key":"key20180919073617_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-0218.62573","article-title":"Anthrax: public health risk in India and socio-environmental determinants","volume":"35","author":"Patil","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian J. Community Med."},{"key":"key20180919073617_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2004.11.020","article-title":"Validation of IgG-sandwich and IgM-capture ELISA for the detection of antibody to Rift Valley fever virus in humans","volume":"124","author":"Paweska","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"key20180919073617_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4768","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(01)00234-1","article-title":"In vitro correlate of immunity in a rabbit model of inhalational anthrax","volume":"19","author":"Pitt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"key20180919073617_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1086\/423937","article-title":"Immune responses to Bacillus anthracis protective antigen in patients with bioterrorism-related cutaneous or inhalation anthrax","volume":"190","author":"Quinn","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"key20180919073617_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0810.020380","article-title":"Specific, sensitive, and quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for human immunoglobulin G antibodies to anthrax toxin protective antigen","volume":"8","author":"Quinn","year":"2002","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"key20180919073617_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.53158","article-title":"A mini-outbreak of cutaneous anthrax in Vizianagaram District, Andhra Pradesh, India","volume":"75","author":"Rao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol."},{"key":"key20180919073617_B21","first-page":"49","article-title":"Tularemia: a case transmitted from a sheep","volume":"63","author":"Senol","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"key20180919073617_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)63548-1","article-title":"The critical role of pathology in the investigation of bioterrorism-related cutaneous anthrax","volume":"163","author":"Shieh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"key20180919073617_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01591362","article-title":"Evaluation of the anthraxin skin test for diagnosis of acute and past human anthrax","volume":"15","author":"Shlyakhov","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"key20180919073617_B24","first-page":"279","article-title":"Anthrax. Biological and immunological principles of diagnosis and prevention. Communication 7. Diagnosis of anthrax by means of anthraxin","volume":"17","author":"Shlyakhov","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Hyg. Epidemiol. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"key20180919073617_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.4.1853-1859.1999","article-title":"Oligomerization of anthrax toxin protective antigen and binding of lethal factor during endocytic uptake into mammalian cells","volume":"67","author":"Singh","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"key20180919073617_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0807.020062","article-title":"Anthrax of the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"8","author":"Sirisanthana","year":"2002","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"key20180919073617_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20061891","article-title":"Manipulation of host signalling pathways by anthrax toxins","volume":"402","author":"Turk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"key20180919073617_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800049773","article-title":"Serology and anthrax in humans, livestock and Etosha National Park wildlife","volume":"108","author":"Turnbull","year":"1992","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"key20180919073617_B29","article-title":"Maxey-Rosenau-Last public health and preventive medicine","author":"Wallace","year":"2008","edition":"15th ed"},{"key":"key20180919073617_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.71.48","article-title":"Risk factors for human anthrax among contacts of anthrax-infected livestock in Kazakhstan","volume":"71","author":"Woods","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."}],"container-title":["Clinical and Vaccine Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1128\/CVI.00154-12","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T20:47:49Z","timestamp":1627591669000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/CVI.00154-12"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,20]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,31]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/CVI.00154-12"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/cvi.00154-12","relation":{},"ISSN":["1556-6811","1556-679X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1556-6811","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-679X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,20]]}}}