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Mortality due to rotavirus diarrhea is common in developing countries where malnutrition is prevalent; however, the relationship between malnutrition and rotavirus infection remains unclear. In this study, gnotobiotic pigs transplanted with the fecal microbiota of a healthy 2-month-old infant were fed protein-sufficient or -deficient diets and infected with virulent human rotavirus (HRV). After human rotavirus infection, protein-deficient pigs had decreased human rotavirus antibody titers and total IgA concentrations, systemic T helper (CD3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>) and cytotoxic T (CD3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>) lymphocyte frequencies, and serum tryptophan and angiotensin I-converting enzyme 2. Additionally, deficient-diet pigs had impaired tryptophan catabolism postinfection compared with sufficient-diet pigs. Tryptophan supplementation was tested as an intervention in additional groups of fecal microbiota-transplanted, rotavirus-infected, sufficient- and deficient-diet pigs. Tryptophan supplementation increased the frequencies of regulatory (CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>or CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD25<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>FoxP3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>) T cells in pigs on both the sufficient and the deficient diets. These results suggest that a protein-deficient diet impairs activation of the adaptive immune response following HRV infection and alters tryptophan homeostasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.00172-17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,22]],"date-time":"2017-06-22T00:40:21Z","timestamp":1498092021000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Protein Malnutrition Alters Tryptophan and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Homeostasis and Adaptive Immune Responses in Human Rotavirus-Infected Gnotobiotic Pigs with Human Infant Fecal Microbiota Transplant"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"David D.","family":"Fischer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (OARDC), The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, 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