{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T16:44:33Z","timestamp":1791477873495,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,1]],"date-time":"2009-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1254355200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Vaccine Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Anthrax toxin neutralization assays are used to measure functional antibody levels elicited by anthrax vaccines in both preclinical and clinical studies. In this study, we investigated the magnitude and molecular nature of Fc gamma (Fc\u03b3) receptor-dependent toxin neutralization observed in commonly used forms of the anthrax toxin neutralization assay. Significantly more Fc\u03b3 receptor-dependent neutralization was observed in the J774A.1 cell-based assay than in the RAW 264.7 cell-based assay, a finding that could be due to the larger numbers of Fc\u03b3 receptors that we found on J774A.1 cells by using flow cytometry. Thus, the extent to which Fc\u03b3 receptor-dependent neutralization contributes to the total neutralization measured by the assay depends on the specific cell type utilized in the assay. Using Fc\u03b3 receptor blocking monoclonal antibodies, we found that at least three murine Fc\u03b3 receptor classes, IIB, III, and IV, can contribute to Fc\u03b3 receptor-dependent neutralization. When antibodies elicited by immunization of rabbits with protective-antigen-based anthrax vaccines were analyzed, we found that the magnitude of Fc\u03b3 receptor-dependent neutralization observed in the J774A.1 cell-based assay was dependent on the concentration of protective antigen utilized in the assay. Our results suggest that the characteristics of the antibodies analyzed in the assay (e.g., species of origin, isotype, and subclass), as well as the assay design (e.g., cell type and protective antigen concentration), could significantly influence the extent to which Fc\u03b3 receptor-dependent neutralization contributes to the total neutralization measured by anthrax toxin neutralization assays. These findings should be considered when interpreting anthrax toxin neutralization assay output.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.00194-09","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,6]],"date-time":"2009-08-06T01:10:51Z","timestamp":1249521051000},"page":"1405-1412","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Analysis of the Fc Gamma Receptor-Dependent Component of Neutralization Measured by Anthrax Toxin Neutralization Assays"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Anita","family":"Verma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam M.","family":"Ngundi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce D.","family":"Meade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meade Biologics, Hillsborough, North Carolina 27278"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"De Pascalis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen L.","family":"Elkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Drusilla L.","family":"Burns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1724","volume":"38","year":"2006","unstructured":"Boyden, E. 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