{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T02:34:29Z","timestamp":1769740469675,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,1]],"date-time":"2006-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1159660800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Vaccine Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Previous studies have suggested that currently available brucellosis vaccines induce poor or no protection in elk (<jats:italic>Cervus elaphus nelsoni<\/jats:italic>). In this study, we characterized the immunologic responses of elk after initial or booster vaccination with<jats:italic>Brucella abortus<\/jats:italic>strains RB51 (SRB51) and 19 (S19). Elk were vaccinated with saline or 10<jats:sup>10<\/jats:sup>CFU of SRB51 or S19 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= seven animals\/treatment) and booster vaccinated with a similar dosage of the autologous vaccine at 65 weeks. Compared to nonvaccinates, elk vaccinated with SRB51 or S19 had greater (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.05) antibody responses to SRB51 or S19 after initial vaccination and after booster vaccination. Compared to nonvaccinated elk, greater (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.05) proliferative responses to autologous antigen after initial vaccination occurred at only a few sample times in SRB51 (6, 14, and 22 weeks) and S19 (22 weeks) treatment groups. In general, proliferative responses of vaccinates to nonautologous antigens did not differ (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&gt; 0.05) from the responses of nonvaccinated elk. Gamma interferon production in response to autologous or nonautologous<jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>antigens did not differ (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&gt; 0.05) between controls and vaccinates after booster vaccination. Flow cytometric techniques suggested that proliferation occurred more frequently in immunoglobulin M-positive cells, with differences between vaccination and control treatments in CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>and CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>subset proliferation detected only at 22 weeks after initial vaccination. After booster vaccination, one technique ([<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>H]thymidine incorporation) suggested that proliferative responses to SRB51 antigen, but not S19 antigen, were greater (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.05) in vaccinates compared to the responses of nonvaccinates. However, in general, flow cytometric and other techniques failed to detect significant anamnestic responses to autologous or nonautologous<jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>antigens in S19 or SRB51 vaccinates after booster vaccination. Although some cellular immune responses were detected after initial or booster vaccination of elk with SRB51 or S19, our data suggest that responses tend to be transient and much less robust than previously reported in SRB51-vaccinated cattle (<jats:italic>Bos taurus<\/jats:italic>) or bison (<jats:italic>Bison bison<\/jats:italic>). These data may explain why the vaccination of elk with S19 and SRB51 induces poor protection against brucellosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.00213-06","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,6]],"date-time":"2006-10-06T20:24:23Z","timestamp":1160166263000},"page":"1098-1103","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Immune Responses of Elk to Initial and Booster Vaccinations with<i>Brucella abortus<\/i>Strain RB51 or 19"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"S. C.","family":"Olsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacterial Diseases of Livestock"},{"name":"Respiratory Diseases of Livestock Research Units, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa 50010"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. J.","family":"Fach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacterial Diseases of Livestock"},{"name":"Respiratory Diseases of Livestock Research Units, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa 50010"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. V.","family":"Palmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacterial Diseases of Livestock"},{"name":"Respiratory Diseases of Livestock Research Units, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa 50010"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R. E.","family":"Sacco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacterial Diseases of Livestock"},{"name":"Respiratory Diseases of Livestock Research Units, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa 50010"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"W. C.","family":"Stoffregen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacterial Diseases of Livestock"},{"name":"Respiratory Diseases of Livestock Research Units, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa 50010"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"W. R.","family":"Waters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacterial Diseases of Livestock"},{"name":"Respiratory Diseases of Livestock Research Units, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa 50010"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3330","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.143.10.3330","volume":"143","year":"1989","unstructured":"Araya, L. N., P. H. Elzer., G. E. Rowe, F. M. Enright, and A. J. Winter. 1989. Temporal development of protective cell-mediated and humoral immunity in BALB\/c mice infected with Brucella abortus. J. Immunol.143:3330-3337.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1996.57.08.1153","volume":"57","year":"1996","unstructured":"Cheville, N. F., S. C. Olsen, A. E. Jensen, M. G. Stevens, and M. V. Palmer. 1996. Effects of age at vaccination on efficacy of Brucella abortus strain RB51 to protect cattle against brucellosis. Am. J. Vet. Res.57:1153-1156.","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"80","year":"2002","unstructured":"Claus, D., S. Kilpatrick, R. Dean, and B. Smith. 2002. Brucellosis-feedground-habitat program: an integrated management approach to brucellosis in elk in Wyoming, p. 80-96. In T. J. Kreeger (ed.), Proceedings of Brucellosis in Elk and Bison in the Greater Yellowstone Area. Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Cheyenne, Wyo.","journal-title":"Proceedings of Brucellosis in Elk and Bison in the Greater Yellowstone Area"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.63.3.1130-1133.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","first-page":"640","volume":"93","year":"1989","unstructured":"Herriges, J. D., E. T. Thorne, S. L. Anderson, and H. A. Dawson. 1989. Vaccination of elk in Wyoming with reduced dose strain 19 Brucella: controlled studies and ballistic implant field trials. Proc. U. S. Anim. Health Assoc.93:640-655.","journal-title":"Proc. U. S. Anim. Health Assoc."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-36.3.477","volume":"36","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kreeger, T. J., M. W. Miller, M. Wild, P. H. Elzer, and S. C. Olsen. 2000. Safety and efficacy of Brucella abortus strain RB51 vaccine in captive pregnant elk. J. Wildl. Dis.36:477-483.","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-38.1.27","volume":"38","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kreeger, T. J., W. E. Cook, W. H. Edwards, P. H. Elzer, and S. C. Olsen. 2002. Brucella abortus strain RB51 vaccination in elk II. Failure of high dosage to prevent abortion. J. Wildl. Dis.38:27-31.","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","first-page":"43","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kreeger, T. J., and S. C. Olsen. 2002. Brucellosis vaccination in elk, p. 43-50. In T. J. Kreeger (ed.), Proceedings of Brucellosis in Elk and Bison in the Greater Yellowstone Area. Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Cheyenne, Wyo.","journal-title":"Proceedings of Brucellosis in Elk and Bison in the Greater Yellowstone Area"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","first-page":"223","volume":"65","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lee, I.-K., S. C. Olsen, and C. A. Bolin. 2001. Effects of exogenous recombinant interleukin-12 on immune responses and protection against Brucella abortus in a murine model. Can. J. Vet. Res.65:223-228.","journal-title":"Can. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.53.2.245-251.1986"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.51.3.961-963.1986"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevImmunol.v18.i4.10","volume":"18","year":"1998","unstructured":"Morel, P. A., and T. B. Oriss. 1998. Crossregulation between Th1 and Th2 cells. Crit. Rev. Immunol.18:275-303.","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2567.2001.01258.x","volume":"103","year":"2001","unstructured":"Murphy, E. A., J. Sathiyaseelan, M. A. Parent, B. Zou, and C. L. Baldwin. 2001. Interferon-gamma is crucial for surviving a Brucella abortus infection in both resistant C57BL\/6 and susceptible BALB\/c mice. Immunology103:511-518.","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(05)72678-3","volume":"88","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nonnecke, B. J., W. R. Waters, M. R. Foote, M. V. Palmer, B. L. Miller, T. E. Johnson, H. B. Perry, and M. A. Fowler. 2005. Development of an adult-like cell-mediated immune response in calves after early vaccination with Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin. J. Dairy Sci.88:195-210.","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879700900404","volume":"9","year":"1997","unstructured":"Olsen, S. C., M. G. Stevens, N. F. Cheville, and G. G. Schurig. 1997. Experimental use of a dot blot assay to measure serologic responses of cattle vaccinated with Brucella abortus strain RB51. J. Vet. Diagn. Investig.9:363-367.","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-38.4.746","volume":"38","year":"2002","unstructured":"Olsen, S. C., T. J. Kreeger, and M. V. Palmer. 2002. Immune responses of elk to vaccination with Brucella abortus strain RB51. J. Wildl. Dis.38:746-751.","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","first-page":"738","volume":"34","year":"2002","unstructured":"Olsen, S. C., T. J. Kreeger, and W. Schultz. 2002. Immune responses of bison to ballistic or hand vaccination with Brucella abortus strain RB51. J. Wildl. Dis.34:738-745.","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","first-page":"17","volume":"74","year":"2003","unstructured":"Olsen, S. C., A. E. Jensen, W. C. Stoffregen, and M. V. Palmer. 2003. Efficacy of calfhood vaccination with Brucella abortus strain RB51 in protecting bison against brucellosis. Res. Vet. Sci.74:17-22.","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2006.01.018","volume":"86","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rook, G. A. W., K. Dheda, and A. Zumla. 2006. Immune systems in developed and developing countries; implications for the design of vaccines that will work where BCG does not. Tuberculosis86:152-162.","journal-title":"Tuberculosis"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.34.3.1000-1007.1981"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.2307\/3802896","volume":"65","year":"2001","unstructured":"Smith, B. L. 2001. Winter feeding of elk in Western North America. J. Wildl. Meet.65:173-190.","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Meet."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-2427(94)05311-F","volume":"44","year":"1995","unstructured":"Stevens, M. G., S. C. Olsen, and N. F. Cheville. 1995. Comparative analysis of immune responses in cattle vaccinated with Brucella abortus strain 19 or strain RB51. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol.44:223-235.","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","first-page":"359","volume":"85","year":"1981","unstructured":"Thorne, E. T., T. J. Walthall, and H. A. Dawson. 1981. Vaccination of elk with strain 19 Brucella abortus. Proc. U. S. Anim. Health Assoc.85:359-374.","journal-title":"Proc. U. S. Anim. Health Assoc."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","first-page":"745","volume":"86","year":"1935","unstructured":"Tunnicliff, E. A., and H. Marsh. 1935. Bang's disease in bison and elk in the Yellowstone National Park and on the National Bison Range. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc.86:745-752.","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.6.5.760-764.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(02)00678-3","volume":"21","year":"2003","unstructured":"Waters, W. R., M. V. Palmer, S. C. Olsen, R. E. Sacco, and D. L. Whipple. 2003. Immune responses of elk to Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette Guerin vaccination. Vaccine21:1518-1526.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-40.1.66","volume":"40","year":"2004","unstructured":"Waters, W. R., M. V. Palmer, D. L. Whipple, R. E. Slaughter, and S. L. Jones. 2004. Immune responses of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) to Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccination. J. Wildl. Dis.40:66-78.","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.56.11.2808-2817.1988"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.63.4.1387-1390.1995"}],"container-title":["Clinical and Vaccine Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/CVI.00213-06","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/CVI.00213-06","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,7]],"date-time":"2024-02-07T05:17:40Z","timestamp":1707283060000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/CVI.00213-06"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,10]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/CVI.00213-06"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/cvi.00213-06","relation":{},"ISSN":["1556-6811","1556-679X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1556-6811","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-679X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2006-06-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2006-07-28","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-12-18","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}