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Protein subunit vaccines have shown promise but require the use of adjuvants to enhance their immunogenicity. Using the protective mycobacterial antigen Rv3019c, we have evaluated the induction of relevant immune responses by adjuvant formulations directly in the target species for bovine TB vaccines and compared these to responses induced by BCG. We demonstrate that two classes of adjuvant induce distinct immune phenotypes in cattle, a fact not previously reported for mice. A water\/oil emulsion induced both an effector cell and a central memory response. A cationic-liposome adjuvant induced a central memory response alone, similar to that induced by BCG. This suggests that water\/oil emulsions may be the most promising formulations. These results demonstrate the importance of testing adjuvant formulations directly in the target species and the necessity of measuring different types of immune response when evaluating immune responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.00229-09","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,30]],"date-time":"2009-07-30T01:46:51Z","timestamp":1248918411000},"page":"1443-1448","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Adjuvants Induce Distinct Immunological Phenotypes in a Bovine Tuberculosis Vaccine Model"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"H. Martin","family":"Vordermeier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"TB Research Group, Veterinary Laboratories Agency-Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gillian S.","family":"Dean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TB Research Group, Veterinary Laboratories Agency-Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ida","family":"Rosenkrands","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Else M.","family":"Agger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daryan A.","family":"Kaveh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TB Research Group, Veterinary Laboratories Agency-Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R. Glyn","family":"Hewinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TB Research Group, Veterinary Laboratories Agency-Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philip J.","family":"Hogarth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TB Research Group, Veterinary Laboratories Agency-Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3116","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003116","volume":"3","year":"2008","unstructured":"Agger, E. M., I. Rosenkrands, J. Hansen, K. Brahimi, B. S. Vandahl, C. Aagaard, K. Werninghaus, C. Kirschning, R. Lang, D. Christensen, M. Theisen, F. Follmann, and P. Andersen. 2008. 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